论推定规则及其适用

On the Rule of Presumption and its Application

推定是立法者或法官在基础事实与待证事实之间创设的一种法律关系,是推动案件事实证明的一种辅助工具。为避免夸大推定的作用,使推定规则得到恰当适用,必须对推定概念和适用条件进行界定。文章认为,推定的性质决定了其仅限于法律推定,不包括司法裁判者对未知事实的推论或推断,原则上也不存在不可反驳的情形。推定具有转移证明责任的功能,而刑事诉讼奉行无罪推定原则,这决定了推定主要适用于民事诉讼领域,因为推定不是证据,不可能满足刑事案件事实"确信无疑"的证明标准。

Presumption,a legal relation set up between foundation facts and presumed facts,is a supplementary method to propel the proof of facts in cases.However,in order to avoid over-interpretation of presumption,which is to trigger deviance of concept and application rules,its concept and application conditions should be defined.This article hereby argues that the very nature of presumption both limits its application in only the presumption of law,excluding the inference to facts unknown by judicial magistrate,and denies the possibility of conclusive evidence or fact.The function of presumption is to shift the burden of proof,which will go against Presumption of Innocence in criminal procedure.This determines the presumption that is mainly used in the field of civil litigation,being not evidence,could not reach the standard of proof of beyond reasonable doubt in criminal cases.