吐蕃禅定印毗卢遮那与八大菩萨组合图像研究

A Study of the Iconographic Combination of Dhyana-Mudra Vairocana and Eight Bodhisattvas in the Tubo Period

毗卢遮那是吐蕃时期最流行的佛教信仰和造像题材之一,共有四种图像组合方式。其中禅定印毗卢遮那与八大菩萨的组合最为典型,目前可以确认的图像共有6组。排列方式为毗卢遮那居中,八大菩萨分列左右两侧,这也是吐蕃时期相近组合造像的基本排列原则。吐蕃时期,毗卢遮那和八大菩萨作为组合独立出现的文献依据是吐蕃密教经典。通过对相关密教经典与文献的分析可知,敦煌以及西藏东部、青海地区吐蕃时期禅定印毗卢遮那与八大菩萨组合图像应当直接受到了敦煌古藏文写卷P.T.7a、P.T.108等与毗卢遮那崇拜有关的密教经典的影响。

There are four varieties in the iconographic combination of vairocana. Among them, the combination of dhyana-mudra vaimcana and eight bodhisattvas which has a total of 6 cases in data that have been found so far is the most typical one. In the image, Dhyana-mudra vairocana is situated in the center and eight bodhisattvas line up on the left and fight sides. This arrangement is identical to the principle of combination in other images dating to the Tubo period. The combination of these nine figurines presents a mandala according to the Tubo version of Esoteric Buddhism sutms. By comparing the iconography to other relevant sutms, the author concludes that the combination of dhyana-mudra vairocana and eight bodhisattvas in the Tubo period was generated under the influence ofvariocana workship which can be found in Dunhuang Tubo manuscripts such as P.T.7a and P.T.108.