库尔德民族主义反抗土耳其民族主义:1925年谢赫塞义德叛乱

Kurdish Nationalism Against Turkish Nationalism——Shaikh Saeed's Rebellion in 1925

1925年土耳其东南部地区爆发了谢赫塞义德领导的叛乱,此次叛乱深刻影响了土耳其内政和外交,该叛乱也成为20世纪70年代之前库尔德人反叛的标准模板。谢赫塞义德反叛具有传统对抗现代、外围反抗中央的性质,更具有库尔德民族主义反抗土耳其民族主义的性质。受制于现实条件和战略战术的需要,叛乱方和共和国分别塑造了两套政治话语体系:一套以宗教为核心,另一套以民族主义为核心。叛乱方的两套话语体系是,推翻现有具有反宗教性的共和国,恢复素丹—哈里发制度的宗教性话语;库尔德人要反对土耳其人压迫,建立库尔德人国家的民族主义政治话语。共和国发明的宗教性话语为,这是由无知、落后的部落和宗教首领发动的带有宗教性质的复古叛乱,并受到外部的煽动,该叛乱的目标是推翻年轻的共和国,重建素丹—哈里发制度,必须对此进行武力镇压。共和国发明的民族主义政治性话语为,这是库尔德民族主义和分裂主义性质的反叛,目的在于挑战共和国的土耳其特性和领土完整,必须将其根除。这是一场披着宗教外衣的库尔德民族主义与土耳其民族主义之间的对决,它产生了深远影响。

In 1925,a rebellion led of Shaikh Saeed broke out in the southeast of Turkey. This rebellion deeply influenced Turkish domestic and foreign affairs,and also became a typical model for Kurdish revolts before the1970＇s. Shaikh＇s rebellion was characteristic of tradition against modern society,peripheral against central rule,and Kurdish nationalism against Turkish nationalism. Owing to realistic circumstances and strategic and tactic needs,the rebels and republicans respectively their two systems of political discourse,one being religious and the other nationalistic. The rebels＇ two systems of political discourse called to overthrow the existing anti-religious republic so as to restore the religious discourse of the Sultan-Khalifa system. And the Kurds ought to rise against Turkish oppression and establish a national political discourse of the Kurdish nation. In contrast,the republican religious discourse warned that,since the aim of the rebels was to overthrow the young republic and restore the Sultan-Khalifa system,the rebellion must be suppressed. Politically,the republicans thought that,since the rebellion was Kurdish-nationalistic and separatist and meant a challenge to the Turkish character of the republic and her territorial integrity,it must be rooted out. In a word,the rebellion was a religion- clothed battle between Kurdish nationalism and Turkish nationalism and exercised a profound influence.