高空不明抛掷物致害责任之比较研究

Comparative Study on the Compensation Liability for the Damages Caused by Unidentified Objects Thrown or Falling from Tall Buildings

对高空抛掷物行为的规制可追溯至罗马法,它体现为罗马法上具有准私犯性质的倒泼物或投掷物致害责任。多数近现代国家的民法典未对高空抛掷物且致害人不明的侵权作出明确的规范,而是通过解释适用建筑物的整体责任、过错一般条款、监管责任来处理。英美法系国家则通过驳回原告诉求或事实自证原则来应对。我国《侵权责任法》第87条要求可能加害的建筑物使用人对受害人承担补偿责任,该条虽为进步之举,但未对补偿责任的责任形态与内部责任份额分担作出明确规定。因果型比例责任理论可用以解决这一难题。

The Roman law established ＂effusum et deiectum＂ to deal with unidentified objects thrown or falling from tall buildings. In major modern civil codes, there are not specific provisions but some provisions concerning the liability for a whole building or fault in torts or the supervision obligation to deal with unidentified objects thrown or falling from tall buildings. In the common law, courts may dismiss such claim of the victim or provide remedies for the victim by the rule of res ipsa loquitur. Article 87 of Tort Liability Law of our country imposes the liability of indemnity on the possible users of a building. Though it has been improved, the provision doesn＇ t elaborate the apportionment of the liability. Causal proportional liability may resolve the problem.