天津儿童冬季PM_(2.5)室内暴露与个体暴露特征及来源

Characteristics and Sources of Elements of PM_(2.5) for Indoor and Personal Exposure of Children during Winter in Tianjin

2011年11─12月使用颗粒物个体采样泵对天津42名儿童（9~12岁）的PM2.5暴露进行了研究,分别采集了冬季儿童PM2.5个体暴露和家庭室内暴露的滤膜样品.使用ICP-MS/OES方法分析了室内暴露和个体暴露PM2.5载荷的元素.结果表明：天津儿童冬季PM2.5个体暴露浓度（以ρ计）平均值为（129.3±66.6）μg/m^3,室内暴露浓度平均值为（114.0±61.7）μg/m^3.个体暴露和室内暴露各元素质量浓度之和分别占ρ（PM2.5）的19.4%和17.1%.相关分析指出,PM2.5室内暴露浓度和个体暴露浓度在0.01水平上显著相关.回归分析表明,大多数元素的个体暴露浓度与室内暴露浓度呈正相关.由EF（富集因子）分析可知,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、Sn、As、Sb、Cd、Tl、Bi、W、Mo在个体暴露和室内暴露样品中明显富集.由主成分分析可知,天津儿童冬季PM2.5室内暴露来源可能为燃煤和机动车尾气的混合源、燃油飞灰、土壤尘、建筑尘;而个体暴露来源除上述人为源外,还包括工业尘.

To investigate children＇s personal and indoor exposure to PM2.5, an intensive field study of monitoring Was conducted from November to December in 2011 in Tianjin. The results showed that mass concentrations of personal and indoor exposures of children to PM2.5 were （ 129. 3±66. 6） μg/m3 and （ 114.0±61.7） μg/m3 , respectively. The total mass concentrations of elements accounted for 19.4% and 17. 1% of the total mass concentrations for personal and indoor PM2.5, respectively. Linear regression analysis indicated that most of the elements in PM2.5 of personal exposure positively correlated with those of indoor exposure. Spearman analysis showed that the mass concentration of PM2.5 of personal exposure significantly correlated with the mass concentration of indoor PM2.5. Enrichment factor （EF） analysis indicated high values of EF for Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Sn, As, Sb, Cd, T1, Bi, W and Mo, showing that these elements were affected by anthropogenic sources. Principal component analysis showed that the sources of personal exposure to PM2.5 for children consisted of five components ： combined sources of coal and vehicle emission, oil-burning ash, industrial dust, construction dust, and soil dust; while the sources for indoor exposure to PM2.5 could contain： combined source of coal and vehicle emission, oil-burning ash, soil dust, and construction dust.