论11~19世纪英国养羊业发展的阶段划分

The Development Phases of 11-19^(th) Century British Sheep Industry

对英国养羊业进行阶段划分,要考量养羊业性质和数量的变化、羊毛和呢绒出口量的变化、养羊在全国经济发展中的地位等因素。从11世纪至19世纪,英格兰养羊业的阶段性非常明显,且各有其阶段性特征。第一阶段,养羊目的以出口羊毛为主;第二阶段,因毛纺业发展,促进了养羊业发展,从而引发圈地运动,养羊业的社会经济影响超过任何时期;第三阶段,养羊业的重要性降低,但养羊技术变革,市场导向更强。从14世纪至19世纪初,英国羊只总量并未很大增加,但生产技术进步使羊的个重增加,单只所产羊毛增加,所以产品总量仍得以增长。

To divide the British sheep industry,we should consider factors like the change of the nature of sheep industrial,the change of the sheep quantities,the change of the export of wool and woolen cloth,and the position of sheep in the national economic development. This paper argues that from the 11 thcentury to the 19 thcentury,British sheep industry can be divided into several phases,and each phase has its own feature. In the first phase,sheep were bred mainly for production and export of wool. The second phase,because of the development of woolen industry,the development of sheep led to the enclosure movement. In this phase,sheep industry reached its peak of social and economic impacts. In the third phase,the importance of sheep industry was reduced,but the technique to feed sheep was improved,and the sheep industry was getting increasingly market-oriented. From the 14 thcentury to the early 19 th century,the total quantities of British sheep didn’t increase considerably,but with the technology evolution the weight of each sheep was accelerated,so the wool of each sheep could be increased,and the total production of British sheep was also increased.