环境和管理双重视角下商业银行效率评价及分解

Evaluating and Decomposing Commercial Bank Efficiency in Perspectives of Environment and Management

本文运用非期望网络SBM(Slacks-Based Measure)模型评价2006—2012年中国14家上市商业银行效率,利用拓展的四阶段SBM模型对商业银行效率进行分解,实证分析影响商业银行效率的经营环境因素。结果表明,中国商业银行整体效率呈现上升态势,股份制商业银行效率高于国有商业银行,两者差距的来源是商业银行利用自身人力、资本等资源获取存款的能力;国有商业银行效率提升主要依赖于经营环境改善,而股份制商业银行效率提升是管理能力提升和经营环境改善的共同结果;建设银行、工商银行、兴业银行以及深发银行应重点关注管理能力的提升,其他商业银行则应管理能力提升和经营环境完善并重;业务结构、员工素质显著地推动商业银行效率提升,而市场化程度、基础建设的影响则相反。

Banking sector is the pillar industry of financial system, as well as the most important financing channel of economic activities in China. With the deep reform of China＇s banking industry, many types of banks was appearing, such as state-owned commercial banks, joint-stock commercial banks, city commercial banks and rural commercial banks. Its diversified development aggravated the competition between different commercial banks. On the other hand, a large number of foreign banks entered in China＇s financial market by various means since December 2006 when RMB business was fully opened to foreign commercial banks in China. It further exacerbated the competition of China＇s commercial banking sector. Facing the dual competition pressure of domestic counterparts and foreign banks, China＇s commercial banks must improve their own efficiency and enhance their own competitiveness to achieve further development. At present, the research related to efficiency evaluation of commercial banks mostly used the data envelopment analysis （DEA） methods. However, the traditional DEA methods have shortcomings in three aspects： firstly, the traditional DEA methods didn＇ t consider the non-performing loans of commercial banks, and ignored the quality of commercial banks＇ loans; secondly, the commercial bank was regarded as a ＂black box＂ when we used the traditional DEA methods, namely, the traditional DEA methods ignored the internal structure of commercial banks; thirdly, the traditional DEA methods could not measure the input slacks, output slacks, and also unable to provide the direction for efficiency improvement. Scholars had put forward many improved DEA methods in connection with the above limitations of traditional DEA methods. For instance, undesirable DEA model introduced non-performing loans as the undesirable output; network DEA model classified the internal structure of commercial banks into two processes as ＂accept deposits＂ and ＂make loans＂. Even so, most of these improved methods didn＇t be use widely because they can only solve one of the above shortcomings. The network SBM model could overcome all the above three problems. However, the efficiency of commercial banks reflects its ability to optimize and allocate all kinds of resources to gain earnings, it can＇ t avoid being influenced by some micro business environmental factors （such as： business structure, staff quality）, but the network SBM method can＇ t distinguish the impact of micro business environmental factors. Obviously, ignored these environmental factors will cause deviation of efficiency evaluation of commercial banks. Therefore, this article referred theory of four-stage DEA method and expanded the network SBM model to four-stage network SBM model. Took non-performing loans as the undesirable output to evaluate and decompose the operating efficiency of 14 listed commercial banks in China from 2006 to 2012 based on dual perspectives of environment and management, and then, discussed the source of commercial banks＇ inefficient. Based on the above evaluation research, this paper used the Tobit model to empirical analysis the impact degree of micro business environmental factors on commercial banks＇ efficiency. Research results show that： the China＇ s overall bank efficiency is rising, the efficiency of joint-stock commercial banks is higher than that of stateowned commercial banks, the source of the gap is that the ability of the commercial bank in obtaining deposit through using their human, capital and other resources. Improvement of efficiency of state-owned commercial banks relies mainly on the improvement of external environment, but the improvement of efficiency of joint-stock commercial banks is the result of the improvement of management talent and external environment. China Construction Bank, China Industrial and Commercial Bank, Industrial Bank and Shenzhen Development Bank should focus on improvement of their management skills, other commercial banks should be equal emphasis on improvement of management ability and perfect of external environment; Business structure and Staff quality significantly promote the bank efficiency, influence of the degree of Marketization and Infrastructure is opposite.