工资歧视与农村居民的非农劳动供给

Wage Discrimination and Non-farming Labor Supply of Rural Residents

农村剩余劳动力的转移就业是我国最重要的社会经济现象之一,对农民工的工资歧视以及农村劳动力供给短缺并存尤其引人关注。本文利用CHNS数据对这两个问题进行了实证研究。结合工资歧视程度、农村居民非农劳动供给弹性以及农村劳动力的年龄结构进行的估计表明,如果农村户籍劳动力的工资能够增加到无歧视程度,农村户籍劳动力的非农劳动供给将增加31.11%。本文研究的主要意义在于,对农民工的工资歧视问题,不仅有悖于社会公平,也将对我国经济的可持续发展造成负面影响。改革户籍制度、减少劳动力市场的工资歧视,不仅可以促进社会公平,也有利于增加我国城镇劳动力市场上的劳动供给和促进经济增长,尤其是在劳动供给对我国经济增长形成负面制约的环境下。

With over 30 years of reform and opening-up, the transfer of rural surplus labor force from rural to urban and regional employment in our country is one of the most important social and economic phenomenon. The transfer of rural surplus labor force and regional employment can not only increase the income level of rural residents, speed up the process of industrialization and urbanization, but also make the allocation of resources more reasonable,and promote the rapid development of China＇s economy. The processes of wage discrimination for migrant workers and shortage of rural labor supply are of particular concern. First, there is wage discrimination for migrant workers in urban labor market of our country. In the performance of the wage differential, the rural labor force has to bear a considerable degree of wage discrimination. Second, the shortage of rural non-farming labor supply and the surplus of rural labor force exist at the same time in recent years. Base on the analysis of migrant workers＇ data in some areas, some scholars think that China has reached the ＂Lewis turning point＂, but on the other hand, there are many research pointed out that there are still a huge number of rural surplus labor force exists in the farming department of our country. According to the Lewis model,only when the economy turns from the classical stage of surplus labor to the neoclassical stage of scarcity of labor, the real wages of labor will generally rise. Before reaching the turning point, the effect of economic growth is mainly reflected in the absorption of surplus labor. Base on the current actual economic situation of our country, there are contradiction points against Lewis＇ theory. According to the results of wage equations estimation, this paper calculates the non-farming labor participation elasticity of rural group and urban group, married group and unmarried group, group with age below 30 and group with age above 30. This paper finds that ： （ 1 ） the non-farming labor participation elasticity of urban household registration group is higher than that of rural household registration group. For the rural household registration labor, the non-farming labor participation elasticity of male is higher than that of female, and the non-farming labor participation elasticity of labor force below 30 year old group is higher than that of above 30 years old group; （2） with the development of economy and the employment of rural labor, the non-farming labor participation elasticity of rural household registration labor tends to decline. Furthermore, in order to estimates the potential non-farming labor supply relative to the number of actual labor supply in non discrimination case,this paper uses the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to decompose the wage differentials between labor force of urban household registration and rural household registration in different periods. This paper finds that ： （ 1 ） The household registration is still playing an important role in wage determination ; （2） with the development of economy and labor market,the effect of household registration on wage determination is not decreased, but increased, that is to say, the part of wage differences can be explained by labor force characteristics is decline, and the part of wage differences can be explained by discrimination is increased ; （3） the non-farming labor supply of rural household will increase by 31.11% if there is no wage discrimination against rural labor force. Because wage discrimination against rural migrant workers is not only contrary to social equity, but also has negative impact on the sustainable development of China＇s economy, the results of this paper are help for the reform of household registration system which not only can promote social justice, but also be conducive to the increase of labor supply in urban labor market and promoting economic growth especially in the contemporary when labor supply has negative constraints on China＇s economic growth.