作为“共同体”的单位

Taking“Danwei”as Community

从共同体角度审视单位现象,我们会发现建国以来依托于企事业单位建立起来的"单位共同体",不是一般意义上的组织和制度,而是作为中国政治精英解决社会总体危机,"重建社会"的根本性措施而出现的,表现出一种特殊的共同体类型和样态。单位共同体在20世纪四五十年代东北解放战争过程中开始呈现出雏形,"一五"期间正式形成,并由工业企业向政府和事业单位扩展,成为改革开放前中国社会体制基础的制度架构和组织单元。1980年代,伴随着拨乱反正和改革开放的进程,"单位共同体"通过厂办大集体和接班顶替制度等途径,在短时间内得到一定扩张,获得新的发展生机。但从80年代后期起,我国国企普遍出现衰退迹象,导致单位制的发展步入变革期。单位制改革及变迁的进程,实际上也就是单位共同体走向消解的过程,单位福利分房制度的终结,"企业办社会"功能的分离,"厂办大集体"与母企业的脱离,使得单位共同体开始走向终结。

Rethinking ＂Danwei＂ phenomenon, we find that the ＂Danwei-Community＂ based on vari- ous enterprises and agencies is not just a kind of organization or institution, but a basic measurement that is used by Chinese political elites to deal with social crisis, appearing as a special type and form of com- munity. The ＂Danwei-Community＂ initially appeared during the Liberation War period in northeast China in 1940s and 1950s, and formed in the first Five-year - plan period and rapidly expanded from enterpris- es to governmental and social affair departments, serving as the fundamental infrastructure and basic unit of social system in pre-reform China. In 1980s, as Restoring-order and Opening-reform going on, , the ＂Danwei-Community＂ were substantially proliferated through the way of establishing collective owned economy and the succession system in short time. From late 1980s, as state-owned enterprises stepped in- to the decline stage, the Danwei system also entered in reforming period. The reform and change process of Danwei system is actually disappearing of ＂Danwei-Community＂, with the end of welfare housing sys- tem, the separation of ＂Enterprise-Charging-Society＂ function, and the separation of collective-owned en- terprises from mother- enterprises. All those reforms marked ＂Danwei-Community＂ was going to the end.