试论6—8世纪突厥与铁勒的族际互动与民族认同

On the Interaction between Turks and Tiele(铁勒) People and Ethnic Identification among Them in 6-8th Century

6—8世纪,崛兴于北方游牧地区的突厥以多种途径和方式,努力构建新的民族认同和政治认同。除了以新的族群徽号相自矜、建立本民族主导的汗国政权等方式之外,对活跃于草原上的铁勒诸部则通过武力征讨、封授官号、经济赋敛、兵役征发、参与祭祀乃至部落联姻等途径,将其纳入突厥化进程中,强化相互之间的凝聚和认同。作为突厥汗国最重要属部的铁勒,对这一进程的回应,远非单向、一致。势弱众寡者被迫或自愿融入其中以自存;力雄势强者则不断酝酿新的族群分化运动,甚或在政治上谋求独立发展(反叛、建国或南下归唐)。中古漠北地区突厥与铁勒之间的族际互动与交融进程,显示出北方游牧社会内部族群关系和民族认同多趋向发展和复杂多变的特点。

In 6-8th century, the Turks, rising from the northern steppe land, used many ways and methods trying to build new ethnic identity and political identification. Apart from using the new ethnic title of honor to assert power and glory, building Khanate regime dominated by their own people,the Turks tried to strengthen the cohesion and identification with the tribes of Tiele by bring them into the Turkification process through military conquering, granting official titles, tax collecting, troops commandeering, participating sacrifices, and uniting by marriage. As the most important vassals of the Turkic Khanate,the Tiele tribes did not respond unanimously.Some tribes with a small population and power chose to fit into the Turkifcation. Some tribes with a large population tried to differentiate the ethnic identification and choose an independent way to go(revolting, building their own regime, moving to the south and being a dependent of the Tang Dynasty). In the medieval time,the interaction and blending among Turks and Tiele tribes in north desert area showed the complicatedness of the inner ethnic relations within the nomadic society.