多民族国家的多元文化公民

Multicultural Citizenship within Multination States

在当今许多西方民主国家日益多元化的社会里,通过加强共同的公民意识来建构"社会凝聚力"的呼声一直都没有间断过。国家通过在学校增加或强化公民教育、给移民提供公民课程、入籍考试以及举行公民入籍仪式(当然还有其他方面)使公民(意识)得到强化。本文将在"多民族"国家("multination"states)的特定背景下,检视这一新的公民建设议程。在这些国家,国家通常通过一定形式的领土自治、协商民主式的权力分享以及官方语言地位的承认,进行权力重构以包容亚国家(sub-state)层面的民族主义运动。在多民族国家,加强共同的公民意识意味着什么?新的以移民为中心的公民建设议程与旧的有关多民族主义(multinationalism)的争论有什么关联?我认为在多民族国家的特定背景下,这些新的公民建设议程如果要变得公正、有效的话,就必须要促进一种多民族的公民观念。简而言之,要使这种公民建设议程有效且能对亚国家民族群体和移民具有相当的包容性的话,我们需要强化多民族的公民观念和多元文化的多民族主义(multinationalism)观念。

In many western democracies today, there are calls to strengthen a sense of commoncitizenship as a way of building ＇ social cohesion＇ in increasingly diverse societies. Citizenship is to be promoted by, amongst other things, adding or strengthening citizenship education in schools, providing citizenship classes to immigrants, imposing new citizenship tests for naturalization, and holding citizenship ceremonies. In this article, I will examine this new citizenship agenda in the specific case of ＇ muhination＇ states-that is, in states that have restructured themselves to accommodate significant sub-state nationalist movements, usually through some form of territorial devolution, consociational power-sharing, and/or official language status. What does it mean to promote a sense of common citizenship in multination states, and how does the new immigrationfocused citizenship agenda relate to older debates on muhinationalism？ I will argue that in the particular context of muhination states, these new citizenship agendas must promote a distinctly multinational conception of citizenship if they are to be fair and effective. But equally, we need to adapt familiar models of multinational citizenship to be more inclusive of immigrants. In short, if the citizenship agenda is to be effective, and to be fairly inclusive of both sub-state national groups and of immigrants, we need a more multinational conception of citizenship, and a more multicultural conception of muhinationalism.