旅游情境下内隐-外显地方依恋模型研究——基于心理学视角

A Implicit-explicit Place Attachment Model in a Tourism Context:A Psychological Perspective

实证主义范式的研究无法解决地方依恋形成心理机制这一理论问题。在当前旅游领域研究中,有关实证研究在地方依恋已经形成的理论预设前提下,通过编制相关量表采用自我报告的方法(问卷调查法)来探讨目的地社区居民和游客地方依恋形成的影响因素及其后果行为。至于这两种依恋有何区别、如何形成以及如何指导相应的依恋行为等相关理论问题却鲜有涉及。该研究回溯到心理学中的依恋理论,构建了旅游情境下的内隐-外显地方依恋模型,并得出以下结论:(1)内部工作模式(依恋表征)原理可用以解释地方依恋形成的心理机制;(2)内部工作模式是由一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征组成的层级结构,前者指导社区居民依恋的形成,后者指导游客依恋的形成;(3)地方依恋存在内隐和外显两种状态。社区居民依恋由内隐状态激发为外显状态去指导其依恋行为,游客依恋从外显状态内化为内隐状态去指导其依恋行为。

Place attachment—the bond between people and place——has been investigated from a range of disciplinary perspectives in the last 40 years including human geography, environmental psychology,sociology, leisure science and tourism, architecture and planning. Place attachment theory is now an important conceptual tool for destination management and destination marketing in the field of leisure science and tourism. The available research on place attachment in the tourism context is mainly empirical. A number of place attachment self- reporting scales have been developed that are used to measure the predictors and the behavioral intent of place attachment for both community residents and of tourists.Despite the plethora of studies on the correlates and predictors of place attachment, little is known about the processes through which people become attached to places. The existing empirical research generally assumes that place attachment has already been formed and largely ignores the psychological mechanism behind the formation of attachment. Moreover, such studies offer no explanation of the formative process of place attachment. Thus, the existing studies have not clarified how the two attachment groups—community residents and tourists—have formed their attachments from a tourism perspective. Further, there is no explanation for the differences between the groups or for how they guide their attachment behavior.The purpose of this paper is to explore the formative psychological mechanism of place attachment in a tourism context. Based on attachment theory and on a dual attitude theory model, this study constructs an implicit-explicit place attachment model to both illustrate the formation of and the working model of community residents＇ and tourists＇ attachment. The study reaches the following conclusions. First, the internal working model（attachment representation） is the main formative mechanism of place attachment. Second, the internal working model is considered to be a hierarchical model with the generalized representation of attachment being at the top of the hierarchy and the specific representation of attachment being lower. The residents＇ attachment is guided by the generalized representation of attachment; the tourists＇ attachment is guided by the specific representation of attachment. Lastly, there are dual states of place attachment： implicit attachment and explicit attachment. The working principle of residents＇ attachment is that the explicit state is excited by the implicit state to guide the attachment behavior. Correspondingly, the explicit state of tourists＇ attachment is internalized into the implicit state to guide the attachment behavior.This study discusses the formation mechanism of place attachment of both community residents and tourists in the tourism context. However, it does not fully investigate the psychological mechanism of place attachment. Place attachment is a complicated process. The typical insider attachment is community attachment. However, there are some specific instances of outsider attachment for particular places, such as place attachment among second- home owners, second- home place attachment and religious place attachment. The formation of such specific instances of place attachment should be investigated. The development structure of the internal working models in attachment theory can explain the relationships that may develop in a person＇s life, such as the parent- child relationship,fellowship between people and marriage. Future research should explore the formation of different instances of place attachment following the principle of the internal working models of attachment theory.