从个体记忆到集体记忆:论谣言研究之路径发展

From individual memory to collective memory:approaches of rumor research

谣言研究领域认为,记忆是谣言发生和传播的认知因素和动力之一,理论上存在着个体记忆和集体记忆两种角度的探索。前者以谣言心理学为代表,从个体记忆入手解释谣言的社会传播,注重揭示谣言现时态在空间中的传播机制;后者将集体记忆视为谣言发生的社会认知动力,增加了传播的历时性因素,是一种时空并重的视角,是跨学科研究的结果。荣格1959年提出的谣言-集体无意识原型理论和勒莫1999年提出的谣言昆虫变态理论是集体记忆研究路径的代表性研究。2005年以来,国内外出现了一些运用集体记忆理论的谣言研究。未来的谣言研究应集上述两种研究路径之长处,与集体记忆领域发生深层次的融合,以阐明记忆在谣言传播过程中的角色和机制。

In the rumor research field, memory is viewed as one cognitive fact and mechanism of that rumors start and spread out. Theoretically, there are two study approaches, one is from the perspective of individual memory, and the other is from the perspective of social memory. Based on individual memory, the paradigm of rumor psychology tries to reveal the dissemination mechanism of rumor in space, the other adds a diachronic dimension to the rumors study when taking collective memory into account. Two founding researches, one is theory of rumor and collective unconscious archetypes （Jung 1959）and the other is metamorphous insect theory（Lemon 1999）, extent dimensions of rumor research and enable rumor research to turn from time-oriented to time-space-oriented. Since 2005, some papers have used perspective of collective memory theory. In order to further explore memory＇s role in the communication process of rumor, rumor research in the future ought to be integrated into collective memory research field.