美国对不得被迫自证其罪权利的限制及对我国的启示——基于萨利纳斯案件的分析

Restriction on the Privilege against Compulsory Self-incrimination of the United States and Its Enlightenment to China:Analysis Based on Salinas v. Texas

2013年6月17日,美国联邦最高法院对萨利纳斯诉得克萨斯州一案作出最终判决,该判决对不得被迫自证其罪的权利进行了限制:被追诉人在非羁押状态下行使沉默权应当进行明示,控诉方可以对被追诉人非羁押状态下的沉默作出不利评论。该判决削弱了美国联邦宪法第五修正案对公民权利的保护,导致被追诉人在刑事诉讼中的处境被恶化。虽然该案判决对不得被迫自证其罪的权利进行了限制,但是没有动摇沉默权制度。我国应当确立沉默权制度,可以采取循序渐进的方式,并且可以对该权利进行合理的限制。

The U.S. Supreme Court issued the decision on Salinas v. Texas on June 17, 2013. The decision restricted the protection of the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination by ruling that a suspect must speak up to remain silent during noncustodial investigation and that a prosecutor can comment on a suspect＇ s silence during informal police questioning. The decision weakens the protection of the Fifth Amendment and makes it harder for the defendant to fight against the police in criminal procedure. However, the decision hasn＇ t shaken the basis of the right to silence even though it restricted the protection of the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination. China should establish the system of the right to remain silent, but should follow in order and advance step by step, and at the same time, China can restrict the system reasonably.