QuickBird影像目视解译法提取切沟形态参数的精度分析

Error assessment of extracting morphological parameters of bank gullies by manual visual interpretation based on QuickBird imagery

为了研究QuickBird影像提取切沟形态参数的精度,该文选取陕北黄土区吴起县合沟与绥德县桥沟小流域,分别利用同时相的三维激光扫描全站仪和QuickBird影像数据源提取切沟形态参数,分析QuickBird影像提取切沟形态参数的精度,探究误差产生原因。研究结果表明:与三维激光扫描全站仪相比,QuickBird影像目视解译合沟和桥沟小流域切沟面积、周长的平均相对误差都在5%左右;沟缘线边界偏差大于0.6 m(相当于QuickBird影像的一个像元值)的面积百分比的均值都能控制在4%以内;2个小流域中沟长的平均相对误差分别在2%和5%左右,沟长的平均绝对误差分别在0.5和0.75 m左右;目视解译面积、沟长的平均相对误差、最大相对误差、不同解译人员的最大误差与参数值之间都具有显著地负相关,即切沟越大,误差越小;沟缘线附近的植被类型影响目视解译精度,与灌草植被覆盖的小流域相比,草本覆盖的小流域中切沟参数的解译精度更高。总体上来看,QuickBird影像为小流域尺度上监测切沟发育提供了便捷、可靠地数据源。

High-resolution satellite images such as those from Ikonos and QuickBird are increasingly available and are considered a valuable tool for extracting the consequences of gully erosion, and QuickBird imagery has been used to map gully features. To evaluate the accuracy of extracting morphological parameters of bank gullies including area, perimeter, and length from QuickBird imagery bymanual visual interpretation, and to analyze the causes of errors, 20 bank gullies were selected in Hegou catchment and Qiaogou catchment located in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi province, respectively. 3D laser scanner was used to measure the topography of bank gullies within two weeks after the QuickBird images were taken. The interval among measurement points of 3D laser scanner was set as 0.15 m. 3D laser scanner had been increasingly used to measure the topography as it can provide a high accuracy, non-contacted, penetrating and rapid method that enables the rapid production of accurate, high-resolution digital elevation model （DEM）. Based on Delaunay triangulated irregular networks （TIN）, then DEM with the pixel size of 0.15 m ＆#215; 0.15 m was created using the 3D Analyst extension of ArcGIS 9.3. On this basis, the values of morphological parameters extracted from DEM were taken as actual values and errors of morphological parameters of bank gullies extracted from QuickBird imagery were determined. The average absolute error, maximum absolute error, average relative error, maximum relative error, and maximum relative error among different interpretation persons were used to assess the accuracy of manual visual interpretation of QuickBird imagery. The results showed that maximum relative error of area and perimeter ranged from 4.1% to 22.2% and 1.4% to 22.2% in Hegou catchment, respectively, while maximum relative error ranged from 2.4% to 22.6% for area and 4.5% to 29.7% for perimeter in Qiaogou catchment, respectively. Although maximum relative error appeared to be large for some gullies, average relative error of area and perimeter were both about 5% in two study areas. In addition, by overlaying the two valley regions extracted from QuickBird imagery and DEM, the area that the distance offsets was larger than 0.6 m （QuickBird image one pixel value） remained below 4%. Average relative errorof gully length in Hegou catchment and Qiaogou catchment were about 2% and 5%, respectively, with corresponding average of the average absolute error of 0.5 m and 0.75 m. Correlation analysis showed that average relative error, maximum relative error and maximum relative error among different interpretation persons were negatively correlated with the area and length of bank gully （P〈0.05）, which meant that the larger the area and length of bank gully were, the smaller the errors were. This suggested that choosing large gullies would reduce the errors when the morphological parameters were extracted manually from QuickBird imagery. The accuracy of manual visual interpretation was also influenced by the vegetation types near the gully boundary. Catchments which land was covered with native grassland had higher precision than those were covered with shrub and grass. Overall, QuickBird imagery can provide reliable data source for extracting morphological parameters of bank gullies. The results can provide the references for assessing gully erosion using QuickBird imagery at larger spatial scales rather than direct field measurements.