膜下滴灌水肥耦合促进番茄养分吸收及生长

Irrigation and fertilization coupling of drip irrigation under plastic film promotes tomato's nutrient uptake and growth

研究膜下滴灌不同水肥调控措施对日光温室番茄生长、产量、养分吸收利用的影响，为温室番茄水肥科学管理提供依据。设灌水（W）和施肥（F：N-P2O5-K2O）2因素，以常规沟灌施肥（W1：100%ET0，F1：240-120-150 kg/hm2，ET0为参考作物蒸发蒸腾量）为对照（Control, CK），3个滴灌水量（W1：100%ET0、W2：75%ET0、W3：50%ET0）和3个施肥水平（F1：240-120-150 kg/hm2、F2：180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、F3：120-60-75 kg/hm2）。结果表明，滴灌施肥（W1F1）比CK处理的干物质量、产量和肥料偏生产力（PFP，partial factor productivity of fertilizer）分别增加60.0%、46.9%和47.0%，氮、磷和钾吸收量是CK的1.82～2.41、1.56～2.03和1.36～1.90倍。滴灌施肥下，W1F2干物质量最大（9258.3 kg/hm2），W1和W2较W3增产19.0%和6.5%，F1和F2较F3增产18.3%和12.9%。生育期内，植株氮、磷和钾吸收量均随灌水量和施肥量的增加而增大（第二果膨大期，F2处理磷和钾吸收量最大除外），灌水量越大，养分利用效率（NUE，nutrient use efficiency）越小，吸收效率（UPE，nutrient uptake efficiency）和PFP越大，施肥量越大，NUE、UPE及PFP均减小。综合分析，滴灌施肥增产效果明显， W1F2（100%ET0，N-P2O5-K2O为180-90-112.5 kg/hm2）处理干物质量最大，有较大的增产潜力，UPE和PFP较高，是适宜的灌水施肥组合。

The low irrigation and fertilizer use efficiency of the greenhouse vegetables is a serious problem in semi-arid northwest areas of China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fertigation on tomato growth, yield, nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency in a solar greenhouse, thereby providing a theoretical and experimental basis for the irrigation and fertilizer management of tomato greenhouse in this area. From March to July 2013, the plot experiments were carried out on a greenhouse tomato cultivar of Jinpeng 10 at Yangling District of Shaanxi Province. Two factors of irrigation （W） and fertilizer （F：N-P2O5-K2O） were set up in this study. There were 3 irrigation levels （W1：100%ET0; W2：75%ET0; W3：50%ET0, ET0 is the reference crop evapotranspiration）, 3 fertilizer levels （N：P2O5：K2O in F1：240：120：150 kg/hm2, F2：180：90：112.5 kg/hm2, F3：120：60：75 kg/hm2）, and a control treatment irrigated by conventional furrow method （W：100%ET0, N：P2O5：K2O was 240：120：150 kg/hm2）. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation, tomato yield and partial factor productivity of fertilizer for the drip fertigation treatment （W1F1） were 144.77 kg/hm2, 97.15 t/hm2 and 190.5 kg/kg, respectively, which were 60.0%, 46.9%and 47.0%higher than those of the control treatment with the same amount of irrigation and fertilizer. The absorptive amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plant organs were 1.82-2.41, 1.56-2.03, and 1.36-1.90 times higher than those of the control treatment, respectively. Except for the harvest period, the distribution rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fruits were greater than those of the control treatment. The drip fertigation treatment also significantly increased the absorption efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as the partial factor productivity of fertilizer （PFP）. Under drip irrigation and fertilization condition, the dry matter accumulation increased with the increase of irrigation water. Under the irrigation treatments W1 and W2, the dry matter accumulation first increased and then decreased as the fertilizer increased, while it continuously increased with the increase of the fertilizer under the treatment W3. The maximum dry matter accumulation was recorded in the W1F2 treatment （9 258.3 kg/hm2）. Tomato yield was significantly affected by the irrigation, fertilization and irrigation-fertilization interaction, increased with the increase of irrigation water and fertilizer. The maximum tomato yield was recorded in the W1F1 treatment （97.15 t/hm2）. Tomato yield in the W1 and W2 treatments were 19.0%and 6.5%higher than that of the W3 treatment, while the tomato yield in the F1 and F2 treatments were 18.3%and 12.9%higher than that of the F3 treatment. The absorptive amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased with the increase of irrigation and fertilization amount except for the second fruit enlargement period, when the maximum absorptive amount of phosphorus and potassium were recorded in the F2 treatment. With the advance of the growth period, the difference of nutrient uptake under the F2 and F3 treatments increased, while the difference decreased compared to the F1 treatment. The amount of irrigation and fertilizer significantly affected the absorption and use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, the use efficiency of potassium, and the PFP. The irrigation-fertilizer interaction significantly affected the PFP, but it exerted no significant interaction effects on the nutrient use efficiency （NUE） and the nutrient uptake efficiency （UPE）. The higher the irrigation amount was used, the smaller the NUE was, but the higher the UPE and the PFP were. The higher the fertilizer amount was used, the smaller the NUE, UPE and PFP were. The results indicated that fertigation treatment obviously increased the tomato yield. With the highest dry matter accumulation, higher nutrient uptake efficiency and partial factor productivity of fertilizer, the W1F2 （100%ET0, N：P2O5：K2O was 180：90：112.5 kg/hm2） treatment was recommended as an appropriate schedule for irrigation and fertilization due to its high yield-increasing potential.