理想与现实之间:生态博物馆法律地位的尴尬

Ideal and Reality: Embarrassment of Legal Status of Eco-museum

生态博物馆是西方后工业社会生态运动和民主化浪潮的产物,是对传统博物馆模式的超越。其核心理念是文化遗产的整体保护、原地保育和社区参与。与西方国家的生态博物馆相比,我国生态博物馆的建设多是在文博学者的倡议和设计下,由政府部门主导而成,肩负着社区经济发展和居民生活改善的重任,在功能、性质、实际监管单位等方面处境尴尬。此外,受社会经济条件等因素的影响,社区居民远没有成为"事实上的主人",其文化主体意识有待提高,相关的制度保障也有待完善。为防止我国生态博物馆在发展初期因缺乏规制而异化,丧失其"文化遗产保存和保育"的核心价值,一方面可以充分利用现行文物保护法中的历史文化名镇(村)保护制度规范生态博物馆的建设和管理;另一方面,完善生态博物馆社区参与制度,循序渐进地确立传统文化社区的文化遗产权也是必要之举。

Eco-museum is the product of post-industrial society ecological movement and democratization wave, which is the surpassing of traditional museum mode. The core theory is the overall protection of cultural heritage, in-place conservation, and participation of community. Compared with the eco-museum in the western countries, the construction of China＇s eco-museum is advocated and designed by the scholars, led by the departments of the government, taking the responsibility of economy development and improvement of the residents life, while under the embarrassment of the function, nature, actual supervision and so on. Besides, influenced by the social economic condition, the residents of the community have never been the real master, the cultural subject consciousness and the related system guarantee remaining to be improved. In order to prevent dissimilation of eco-museum because of the lack of regulation in the early period, and the loss of core value of cultural heritage conservation and protection, on the one hand, the present historic cultural famous town protection law in the cultural relics preservation law should be fully used to regulate the construction and management of eco-museum; on the other hand, the participation regulation of eco-museum should be improved, and cultural heritage property right should be determined step by step, which is the necessary measure.