对延展认知的再审视

A Scrutiny of Extended Cognition

延展认知自1998年克拉克和查尔莫斯提出以来,引起了广泛的质疑和争论,其中延展认知的支持者认为,认知冲出了大脑的界限,认知过程延展到了大脑之外、身体和环境之中,但由于延展认知支持者论证方式的不同,产生了五种不同形式的论证,分别是同等性论证、互补性论证、过程耦合论证、系统耦合论证和进化论证。然而,延展认知的反对者却认为,认知并未冲出大脑的界限,真正的认知依然在大脑之中,并基于此对延展认知不同形式的论证给予了反驳和批判,使得延展认知面临着差异性论证、耦合-构成谬误、认知系统和认知过程的区分、认知膨胀问题和认知标准问题等挑战。尽管面对挑战,延展认知的支持者也作出了相应的回应,但是作者认为,延展认知支持者的辩护与延展认知面临的挑战相比要弱得多。因此,文章的目的就是对延展认知进行再审视,从而维护认知的大脑界限。

Extended cognition has caused extensive doubts and debates since it was put forward by Clark and Chalmers in 1998. The supporters of the extended cognition claim that cognition has broken the boundary of the brain, that is to say, the process of cognition can be extended beyond the brain and into the body and environment. Due to the supporters＇ different ways of proof, five different types of arguments have emerged for the extended cognition. They are arguments of equivalence, complementarity, process coupling,system coupling and evolution. However, the opponents of the extended cognition maintain that cognition has not broken the boundary of the brain, namely, the authentic cognition remains in the brain, and according to which, they re- futed and criticized the different types of arguments for the extended cognition, which makes the extended cognition face many challenges such as the difference argument, coupling - constitution fallacy, distinction between cognitive system and cognitive process, cognitive bloat and the mark of the cogni- tive, etc. Even though the proponents of the extended cognition have replied to these challenges, from our point of view, the defense is much weaker than challenges. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to scrutinize the extended cognition again and thus defend the brain boundary of cognition.