早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检临床实践指南更新及展望

Prospect and guideline update of sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast carcinoma

腋窝淋巴结是乳腺癌最常见和最先转移的部位，是早期乳腺癌患者重要的独立预后因子。准确的腋窝淋巴结分期对局部治疗的选择、全身综合治疗决策和预后判断等具有重要的指导作用。前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）是一项腋窝淋巴结准确分期的微创活检技术。循证医学Ⅰ级证据证实，对腋窝淋巴结阴性的患者，SLNB可安全而有效地替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（ALND），从而显著减少术后并发症发生，改善患者生活质量。但是，SLNB的开展有其特定的适应证和禁忌证，尤其是对于某些特定情况如多灶性或多中心病灶、有既往乳腺活检手术史、新辅助化疗后的乳腺癌患者，临床医师应该遵循指南并结合临床实践综合考虑。通常认为如果SLNB阳性则应该进一步行ALND。随着临床实践的积累和最新临床试验结果的公布，乳腺癌腋窝治疗正从单一的手术治疗走向个体化的多学科干预。充分而准确的术前腋窝淋巴结分期将越来越多原来需行SLNB的腋窝淋巴结阳性患者通过更微创的穿刺活检提前筛选出来，因此SLNB的阳性率将大幅度降低，提示今后部分早期乳癌腋窝处理可能将步入一个免除SLNB的无创时代。本文就SLNB临床实践指南的更新及展望作一综述。

Axillary lymph nodes are the most common and initial site of metastasis of breast carcinoma. Precise axillary staging of breast carcinoma before initial treatment is crucial as it allows efficient identification for local and systemic treatment options, and provides prognostic information..Sentinel minimally invasive technology for axillary lymph node biopsy （SLNB） is an accurate staging. Although top evidence of high-quality clinical trials showed that SLNB could safely and effectively replace axillary lymph node dissection （ALND） for axiUary negative patients with decrease in complications and improvement in quality of life, there are specific indications and contraindications for SLNB. Clinicians should balance the compliance of guideline and native clinical practice, especially for the circumstance of multifocal/muhicentric lesion, breast biopsy history, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. With the accumulation of clinical practice and new results of clinical trials, axillary therapy has changed from unique surgery to patient-tailored multi-disciplinary intervention, although ALND should be recommended traditionally if SLNB is positive. Intensive and accurate preoperative axillary staging is gradually valued by clinicians. Development of imaging modality especially ultrasonography and ultrasound-guided biopsy can identify some extra lymph node positive patients directly to ALND with avoidance of unnecessary SLNB. Thus, the positive rate of SLNB will decline significantly. It seems possible that axillary management will step into a noninvasive era abandoning SLNB in some patients with small breast cancer. In this article we review the prospect and guideline update of SLNB for patients with early-stage breast cancer.