中国古代陪都的名与实

The Name and Nature of Auxiliary Capital in Ancient China

中国古代多数朝代设有陪都。作为一种辅助性都城,由于其设置的原因、目的各不相同,其文化、政治、经济背景各不相同,其陪都名称也各不相同。有的没有带"京""都"字样的正式的陪都名称,称为"行在""霸府""山庄"等,但它们是实际权力中心或具有其他实际陪都性的陪都功能,即有实无名;有的仅具陪都之名,但实际功能却胜于都城,即实胜于名;有的名号及实际功能都显赫于世,名实俱崇;有的则是徒有其名,未有其实;有的则名实相悖,以陪都之实却顶着"京师"之名。研究中国古代陪都的种种特殊的名实关系,会给我们带来多方面的启示和借鉴。

Many dynasties in ancient China have auxiliary capitals. As capitals which have supplementary functions, the purposes and reasons for their establishments are different, and their cultural, political, and economic backgrounds are also different. Therefore, the names of those auxiliary capitals differ. Some auxiliary capitals do not have the character like＂Jing＂（meaning capital） or＂Du＂＂meaning capital＂which is in the names of formal auxiliary capitals in their names. They are called＂Quinsay＂,＂overlord department＂,＂villa＂,or d others instead. But they are the actual power centers or they do have other actual functions of auxiliary capitals, which means they are auxiliary capitals in deed but not in name. Some auxiliary capitals have the name as auxiliary capital, but their functions are even more than that of a real capital, which means their nature is mote than their names. Some auxiliary capitals have their names and functions known to the world, and they are auxiliary capital in name and in deed. Some auxiliary capitals only have their names as auxiliary capital but no such functions. Some auxiliary capitals have their names as＂capital＂but they are actually auxiliary capitals. The study of special relations between the name and nature of auxiliary capitals in ancient China gives us a wide range of inspiration and reference.