挪威对斯瓦尔巴德群岛管辖权的性质辨析——以《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》为视角

An Analysis of the Nature of Norway Jurisdiction in Svalbard from the Perspective of Spitsbergen Treaty

1920年的《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》在斯瓦尔巴德群岛确立了一套独一无二的法律制度。依据《斯约》挪威享有对斯岛陆地及其领海的主权。随着国际海洋法的发展,挪威作为《公约》缔约国开始主张更为广泛的海洋权利,由此引发了与缔约国之间的广泛争议。不可否认的是,挪威对斯岛的主权是基于条约义务下的有限主权,其主权来源的特殊性导致了权利行使范围的不确定,为缔约国做出合乎自己利益的解释留有余地。中国作为《斯约》的缔约国无需急于对这一问题表明态度立场,主张在《公约》框架下解决海洋纠纷,将之融入现有的国际秩序,是中国处理此类问题应有的一贯立场。

The Spitsbergen Treaty established a unique legal framework in Svalbard. Norway has been claiming sovereignty over Svalbard and territorial waters according to Spitsbergen Treaty. With the rapid development of the international maritime laws, Norway has claimed to have a broad sovereign right and provoked controversy between signatories. There is no denying that Norway＇s sovereignty over Svalbard is limited sovereignty based on Spitsbergen Treaty. The peculiarity of sovereignty over Svalbard may imply uncertainty, which leaves room for an explanation for interests of signatories. China as a signatory is in no hurry to show our stand on this problem. China always advocates resolving maritime disputes according to UNCLOS so that it can be incorporated into the existing international order, which is our consistent position on these issues.