胜景品赏与地方记忆——明代南京的游冶活动及其所见城市文化生态

Landscape Appreciation and Local Memory:On Touring Activities by the Ming Literati in Nanjing and Urban Culture Concerned

文人雅士对城市文化的构建具有关键作用。由胜景品赏主题切入,关注文人士大夫的相关诗词图绘,考察不同时期文化生态对文人理解城市方式的影响,以及在此脉络下城市文化的形塑过程,当是有效的途径,但以往的研究却殊为少见。明代南京的胜景品赏活动,先是明初史谨的"金陵八景",其时文士的活动空间尚囿于城内及近郊,成熟的游冶空间格局还未形成,理解南京的方式更强调城市的政治属性。永乐迁都后,随着吴派文人逐渐主导了金陵文化圈,表现城市的方式带上了较多文人色彩,文伯仁的"金陵十八景图"便已脱离了对政治属性的强调,转而关注城市本身的历史和文化。及至晚明,为了自身的身份认同与强化阶层的外在边界,文人士大夫兴起了游冶观览胜景的风潮,余孟麟、焦竑、朱之蕃、顾起元发起的关涉"金陵二十景"的"金陵雅游"活动,即为相应的典型行为。此后朱之蕃又自选"金陵四十景",调和金陵之王气与文人之品味,并顺应城市想象的惯性路径,远追南京的六朝文化,从而形塑了记忆城市的格局,确立了影响至今的南京城市游冶空间。

Literati in the Ming and Qing Dynasties played a key role in constructing the urban culture.It is an initiative approach to examine urban culture from the perspective of landscape appreciation in the city as to scrutinize the interaction between the literati activities and the urban cultural characters.In the early Ming Nanjing, 'Eight Scenes in Jinling' suggested by Shi Jin,with a focus on the political characters of the urban culture,was associated with the political status of the city of the late 14 th century.The scenic spots selected by Shi Jin were located either within or close to the city,indicating that a well-developed pattern of cultural touring was not in a clear form yet.In the Jiajing Reign,literati of Wu School became the majority of Nanjing cultural circle,and their way of representing the city was drastically literati-stylized.The 'Paintings of Eighteen Scenes in Jinling' by Wen Boren made it clear that the concentration on political factors faded away,and was substituted with a focus on the local culture and history of Nanjing city.As a strategy to identity themselves,the literati in the late Ming Dynasty made the opportunity of touring a social boundary to the populace,and one of the famous activities was the 'Literati's Touring in Jinling'.Later,Zhu Zhifan offered his 'Forty Scenes in Jinling' to suggest his own understanding of the urban cultural characters of Nanjing;the majestic grandiosity mingled with a taste of literati.Imagination of the city pattern of Nanjing was even traced far back into the cultural history of the Six Dynasties,and this has established both the present touring route in Nanjing and the perspective to appreciate the landscapes.