新疆十大水生态环境保护目标及其对策探析

Top ten ecological environment protection targets and its solutions in Xinjiang,China

新疆除额尔齐斯河为最终注入北冰洋的外流水系外,其他河流均为典型内陆河流域。长期以来,由于灌溉农业大规模发展,人工绿洲不断扩大,用水量不断增加,绝大多数内陆河流都处于水资源过度开发利用状态,对自然绿洲及水生态安全已构成严重破坏和威胁,未来社会经济可持续发展与生态环境保护面临严峻的水资源瓶颈制约。系统分析了新疆水资源及生态环境特征、水资源利用情况及水生态环境保护目标,并对生态需水量进行了分析预测;针对涉水的水源涵养区及草原生态系统保护、塔里木河流域生态环境保护、水资源开发与保护、大坝建设与河流生态环境保护、土壤盐碱化改良与灌排调控保障、地下水资源超采区治理及开发利用与保护、乌伦古湖和额尔齐斯河河谷林生态环境保护、库鲁斯台草原生态环境保护、艾比湖等其他重要湖泊及湿地生态环境保护10大环境保护问题进行了分析讨论,研究提出了具体的生态环境保护目标和对策措施。认为,在当前贯彻实施最严格的水资源管理制度的过程中,调控新疆灌溉农业发展规模,破解用水结构与方式不合理、用水效率效益低、生态用水被挤占、地下水超采、农业用水不断增长等问题是核心;经济社会总用水量的持续增加对新疆水生态环境已造成了严重影响。研究结果对于干旱区内陆河流域水资源可持续利用,生态环境保护,优化水资源配置具有一定的参考意义。

The Irtysh River is the only one fiver in Xinjiang that flows into the Arctic Ocean. The other rivers are the typical inland rivers. With the rapid escalation of the scale and development of irrigation agriculture and artificial oasis, the overwhelming majority of inland rivers are under excessive exploitation and utilization of water resources. It has particularly affected the development of natural oasis and ecological safety of water resources. The shortage of water resource is becoming a serious problem for Xinjiang to face on social economic sustainable development and coo-environmental protection. The water resource and ecological environment characteristics, the circumstance of water resource utilization and water coo-environment protection targets were analyzed, and the ecological water re- quirement of Xinjiang predicted. The paper also analyzed the top ten environmental protection issues which include following aspects： water conservation area and grassland ecosystem protection, eco-environmental protection of the Tarim River, water resource exploration and protection, dam construction and fiver eco-environmental protection, soil salinization melioration and regulation of irrigation and drainage protection, management of excessive groundwa- ter exploitation area and utilization of groundwater, valley forest eco-environmental protection of Lake Ulungur and Irtysh River, Kulusitai grassland eco-environmental protection, eco-environmental protection of Lake Ebinur and the other significant lakes and wetlands. The specific ecological protection targets and solutions were proposed for the top ten environmental protection issues. The water eco-environment has been severely affected by the increasing duration of socioeconomic water consumption. The paper found that the key issues in the process of performing the effective water resources management are to regulate and control the scale of irrigation agriculture development, to solve the unreasonable structure and pattern of water consumption, to improve the low water use efficiency and bene- fit, to reserve enough ecological water, to restrict the excessive exploitation of groundwater, to reduce agricultural wa- ter consumption. The results of this paper provide reference for the sustainable use of water resources, ecological en- vironment protection and optimization of water resources allocation of inland rivers in arid region.