我国民事推定类型优化初探

On the Optimization of Civil Presumption Type in China

我国民事推定规则可以根据"条件—强制性—效果"这一综合角度分为三大类七小类,不同种类的推定在证明偏向度、立法表述难易程度、执法准确性程度上有差别。既定的具体推定规则需要根据其实践效果进行类型优化。在我国民事推定立法中,医疗损害赔偿中的过错推定、虚假陈述损害赔偿中的过错推定、医疗证明妨碍效果推定这三个规则已经实现了类型优化,而环境侵权因果关系直接推定、夫妻共同债务推定等规则的类型亟需优化。

According to the comprehensive viewpoint of “condition-mandatory-effect”, the civil presumption rules in China can be classified into three categories and seven subcategories. Different types of presumption have different proof bias, difficulty of legislative expression and accuracy of law-enforcement. The established specific presumption rules need to be optimized in type according to its effect in practice. In Chinese civil presumption legislation, the presumption of fault in the compensation for medical damages and in the compensation for false statement damages, as well as the presumption of medical proof affecting results, has been optimized. However, such rule types as the direct presumption of the causation in environmental infringement, or the presumption of the assets jointly owned by the couple, need urgently to be optimized.