乡规民约与美政美俗——儒家乡村社会治理中以礼化俗的维度

Village Rules and Political Aesthetics,Good Customs——Rural Governance in Confucian Courtesy Dimension

儒家的理想不仅要让人成其为人,而且还要让社会成其为社会。古代中国,政权马不停蹄地换,甚至还会一时真空,但社会却还能够维持得很有好,人伦秩序一天都不乱,靠的就是教化的力量。在对江北水村余氏耕读堂的田野调查中,发现其祖辈留下来的仁、义、礼、智、信之"五常"与忠、孝、恕、廉、耻、温、良、恭、俭、让之"十德",其新修"族规十二条",充满儒家精神与儒家情结,已成为其家风,世代相传,遵循不移,影响族人做人、做事。王阳明的《南赣乡约》,发挥底层精英作用,彰善纠恶,能够使人做"良善之民",营造出"仁厚之俗"。相比之下,《万集乡严南村村规民约》则显得简陋、单薄,失之于空洞,儒家乡村治理传统之断裂可见一斑。

Confucian ideal is not only to make people be their man,but also to let the community be its society.In ancient China,regime changed successively,even sometimes throne was vacant,but relying on the power of moralization,the society could still keep agood morality order without any mess.Field study on＂Gengdu Hall＂of Yu family in the water village in the north part of Jiangsu province found ＂the Five Constant Virtues＂（benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom and trust）and ＂ Ten Virtues＂（loyalty,filial piety,leniency,honesty,shame,warmness,kindness,respect,frugality and modesty）which are left by their forefathers,together with its newly-built ＂ Twelve Regulations of the Clan＂ which is full of the spirit of Confucianism and Confucian complex,have been an unwavering family tradition for generations and have influenced their life and work.Wang Yang-ming’stheVillage Conventions of NanGan’s Townshipmobilizes the power of underlying elite and praises the goodness and punishes evil,which enables people to be ＂good people＂,thus creating＂benevolent customs＂.In contrast,Yannan Village Regulations and Agreements in Wanji Townshipappears simple,thin and loses in the void,so the fracture of the Confucian tradition of rural governance is evident.