从“美刺”到“情理”——论《文心雕龙·比兴》的思想矛盾与文学史意义

From “Praise or Irony”to“Emotional or Reasonable”——On the Thinking Contradiction and Literary History Value of Wenxindiaolong Bixing

"比兴"是我国古代诗学批评中一个重要而多歧的范畴。汉代经学家论"比兴"往往带有强烈的政治功利色彩,在郑玄那里,譬喻而兼美刺乃是"比兴"的意义所在。刘勰的《文心雕龙·比兴》一方面受毛、郑的影响,肯定了"兴"负载的"刺过讥失"的政治意义,另一方面更从情理之异、隐显之别来区分"比"、"兴",从而凸显了"比"、"兴"本身的美学意味。这两种观念的夹杂和歧出,实际反映出毛、郑诗说的深广影响与南朝文学摆脱政教约束而独立的倾向之间的冲突。由此,中国文学思想史上,强调教化功能的"比兴"说与强调美感意义和艺术效果的"比兴说"乃呈现出双水分流的状态。

Bixing is an impotent and divergent concept in Chinese ancient poetic criticism.Scribes in the Han Dynasty showed a strong political utilitarian when discussing＂Bixing＂.Zheng Xuan’s description of＂Bixing＂contains both metaphor and＂praise or irony＂.Effected by Mao Gong and Zheng Xuan,Liu Xie’s Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing confirms the signification of satirizing political fault on the one hand,and distinguishes＂Bi＂and＂Xing＂in the standard of emotional or reasonable,obvious or implicit on the other hand,thus highlights the aesthetic interest of ＂Bi xing＂.The hybridity and divergence of the two concepts,reflects the conflict between the influence of Mao,Zheng and the independent tendency when breaking away from political indoctrination.From then on,the theory of Bixing emphasizing on indoctrination and stressing on aesthetic value artistic effect showed the situation of running parallel in Chinese intellectual history.