单个量子点的光学性质与应用

Photo Properties and Applications of Single Quantum Dots

量子点(QDs)是一种具有诸多优良光学特性的荧光纳米颗粒,已在化学分析、生物传感、分子影像等领域得到了广泛应用。单个量子点的光学性质研究有望发现一些宏观方法不能发现的实验现象,可以为改善其光学性能提供思路,有助于更好的应用于各领域。本文评述了单个量子点的检测与判定方法,单个量子点的荧光增强、漂白、眨眼(blinking)、蓝移等光学性质及其在单分子示踪、生物化学传感、超分辨定位技术等方面的应用。总结了目前量子点作为荧光探针在实际应用中遇到的问题,并提出未来量子点将朝着合成能同时满足尺寸小、量子产率高、"non-blinking"、蓝移幅度大、无生物毒性的量子点及能同时为成像/检测提供荧光探针与散射探针的等离子体量子点等研究方向发展。

As novel fluorescent nanomaterials,quantum dots（ QDs） have played important roles in many fields,such as chemical analysis,biology sensor,molecular imaging,ow ing to their excellent optical properties.Studies on the properties of single quantum dots can help to find new experimental phenomenology which can＇t be found in the ensemble-approach,provide a mentality to improve the properties of quantum dots,contribute to a better application of quantum dots in various fields. In this review,identifications criterion of single quantum dots,photo-properties（ such as fluorescence enhancement,bleaching,blinking,bluing,etc.） of single quantum dots,and quantum dots application（ such as single quantum dots tracking,single quantum dots biosensor,superlocalization technology） at single nanoparticle levels are commented. The challenges and existing problems of application of single quantum dots are summarized. In the future, synthesis in quantum dots should simultaneously satisfy many excellent photo-properties,including small size,high quantum yield,non-blinking,lager blue shift range, no-biotoxicty. Meanwhile, plasmonic quantum dots that not only exhibit strong fluorescence,but also become excellent probes for surface plasmon scattering,are another significant research field.