矟之成藝——魏晉南北朝的騎矟戰鬥及軍事文化的形成

The Martial Art of Horse Lance in Medieval China:The Joust Skills,Tactics and Military Culture

矟是中國中古時期騎乘裝備的刺殺性長兵器。漢以後馬上刺殺性兵器由通用的戟向專門化的矟轉變。本文梳理騎矟的戰鬥技巧、與騎射共存的狀況,討論中古時代對矟漆塗、綴幡、編纏等美飾方法及其實戰意義。矟的普遍流行不僅改變了漢代以來的騎兵戰鬥方式,更以獨特的使用技巧成爲軍事審美的組成部分,並且對魏晉以後軍事人員的選拔標準、軍隊的戰術結構、戰爭決策依據等軍事文化層面的要素產生了深遠的影響。

Horse lances were generally equipped the shock cavalrymen in Medieval China. From the late 1st century A. D.,halberd,the main piercing weapon of Han Empire's army,was obviously substituted by horse lance,which was a more specialized and effective arm. This article analyzed the joust skills,tactics of medieval horse lancers,and their relationship with mounted archers. The ways of decorating lances,including painting,hanging with streamers and twining with strings,had aesthetical and practical functions. The horse lance was widely used in battlefield and routine training,which changed the tactics of cavalry from Han Dynasty. The specificity of its martial arts not only shaped medieval peoples' aesthetic inclination of warriors,but also deeply influenced the military culture of medieval armies in respect of recruitment standards,construction of army,tactical and strategic decision,etc.