美国住院药师培训项目及其对我国临床药师培训的启示

Study on the pharmacy residency program in the United States and its enlightenment on training clinical pharmacists in China

目的通过研究美国住院药师培训项目现状，为我国临床药师规范化培训提供借鉴。方法检索美国医院药师协会（ASHP）网站及培训点官方网站数据信息，系统收集美国住院药师培训项目的认证状态、项目类型、培训机构类型、培训内容、招生人数、申请条件和薪资待遇等数据，采用Exce12010对数据进行统计分析。结果截至2013年7月，ASHP共有住院药师培训项目1601个，包括968个毕业后第1年培训（PGY1）项目，585个毕业后第2年培训（PGY2）项目，和47个PGY1和PGY2联合培训项目。PGYl项目又分为827个医院药学实习，40个管理式医疗药学实习和101个社区药学实习项目；2013年共招收2509人，平均每个项目点招收2．74人。PGY2项目分为26个专业领域，每个专业领域设立有1～108个项目不等；2013年共招收646人，平均每个项目点招收1．24人。PGYl和PGY2的培训方式包括定向（orientation）、轮转（rotation）和纵向（10ngitudinal）。结论美国住院药师培训项目作为Pharm．D毕业后培训项目与Pharm．D教育有良好的衔接性，并有明确的阶段性培养目标；在项目的覆盖范围、项目设计、准入资格认定、信息系统和考核认可等方面均显示了其成熟规范的组织管理系统；参考美国住院药师培训项目的成功经验，建立我国临床药师毕业后规范化培训体系及培训标准具有必要性、可行性和重要性。

AIM To describe the current situation of pharmacy residency program in the United States, put for- ward reference and suggestion for standardized training of clinical pharmacists in China. METHODS The updated data in 2013 from the website of American Society of Health-System Pharmacists （ASHP） and official websites of pharmacy residency program providers was collected. The information on type, states, accreditation status, number of positions, estimated stipend, fringe benefits, special requirements for acceptance, training site type, total beds and content were statistieed and analyzed by Excel. RESULTS As of July 2013, there were 1 601 pharmacy residency programs in USA, including 968 postgraduate year one（PGY1 ） programs, 585 postgraduate year 2 （PGY2） programs and 47 PGYI＆PGY2 combined programs. PGY1 involved 827 pharmacy residency programs, 40 managed care pharmacy programs and 101 community pharmacy residency programs. PGY1 recruited 2 509 residencies in 2013, on average, 2.74 residencies every program. PGY2 involved 26 specific areas and each area hold 1 to 108 programs. PGY2 recruited 646 residencies in2013, on average, 1.24 residencies every program. The training mode of PGY1 and PGY2 included orientation, rotation and longitudinal. CONCLUSION As a post-Pharm. D training program, the pharmacy residency program reflects a good continuity of the education of Pharm. D. As an advanced training program for clinical pharmacists after graduation, the residency program is a mature and standardized organization management system such as its coverage, design, require- ments for acceptance, information system and evaluation system. Therefore, it is necessary, feasible and significant to es- tablish a standardized training program and criterion for clinical pharmacists in China by referencing the successful experi- ence of pharmacy residency program in the United States.