宋代冰政述论

On the Ice Affairs in the Song Dynasty

冰政包括冰的开凿、收藏、荐献等,自周代始,逐步形成了一套较为完备的制度,宋代的冰政沿袭周秦、汉唐以来的传统制度,并有了一些新的演变:从管理层面上来说,宋代在太祖时即设立冰井务这一专门机构负责藏冰,后根据实际需要,籍田司、琼林苑、太常等均担此管理职能;礼制层面上,则对祭司寒、荐献太庙等活动做了时间上的变革;用途方面,除了赏赐、优渥大臣之外,冰在宫廷厨房等机构亦有广泛使用。另外,从冰政与宋代饮食文化的关系上来看,一是凿冰与售冰成为部分社会底层人员赖以谋生的手段,二是冬日的藏冰入伏后被商人制作成种类丰富的冷饮,成为宋人的消暑佳品,并有了一定的市场规模,成为宋代夏日饮食文化的一个重要组成部分。

Ice affairs include ice cutting, collecting, sacrificing, etc., From the Zhou Dynasty, ice affairs gradually formed a relatively completed system in Chinese history. Following the traditional system of Zhou and Qin dynasty, there are some creativities on the ice affairs in Song Dynasty based on traditional system of Tang dynasty. In terms of management, the Song Dynasty set up the Ice Well Agency in the Period of the Emperor Taizu, which pecialized in collecting ice. Then, according to the actual needs, Jitian Division, Qionglin Royal Park, Taichang agency etc. also palyed this administrative roles. In terms of ritual, the Song dynasty achieved some transformation on the time of SiHan sacririce, Imperial Ancestral Temple sacrifice and other activities. In terms of uses, the ice is widely used in the royal kitchen and other institutions besides rewarding chancellors. In addition, in terms of the relationship between ice affaires and the dieting culture in the Song Dysnasty, on the one hand, for the low-class people, ice cutting and selling is one way of earning their living; on the other hand, the preserved ice was made into cold drinks in summer to relieve heat for Song people, which became a dietary culture of Song people and grew into a certain market scale.