梁启超的国家主义思想与晚清的中国认同问题

Liang Qi-chao's Statism and Chinese National Identity in the Late-Qing

晚清时期,由于现实的危机和西方民族主义理论的输入,清王朝的合法性危机再次爆发。梁启超戊戌维新后一度在是否采取民族主义立场的问题上动摇不定,1903年访美归来后,他接受了伯伦知理的国家学说。在革命排满思潮风起后,梁启超与革命派展开激烈论战,他将革命派的汉民族主义称为小民族主义,而将自己的合中国境内诸民族的民族主义称为大民族主义。实际上,梁启超这种大民族主义不过是由于西方民族主义理论本身的偏颇而采用的一种修辞,其实质是"国家主义"。中华民国这一现代多民族国家的建立表明国家主义的认同模式是基于历史和现实的更好选择。

The distress of the reality and the importation of the western nationalism again triggered the eruption of crisis for the legitimacy of Qing Dynasty. Liang Qi-chao,after the Reform Movement of1898,waved between the sides of constitutionalists and the revolutionaries. When he came back from the United States in 1903,he accepted Johann Caspar Bluntschli’s statism. When the anti-Manchu idea emerged,Liang Qi-chao and the revolutionaries had a heated debate. He named the Han nationalism of the revolutionaries as ＂incomprehensive nationalism＂and his own view regarding various ethnic groups as one large nation ＂comprehensive nationalism ＂. In fact,it was because of the defects of the Western nationalism itself that Liang Qi-chao had to use the phrase ＂comprehensive nationalism＂which essentially meant statism. The establishment of Republic of China as a modern multi-ethnic country shows that the identity model of statism is a better choice based on history and reality.