多层公共产品有效供给的方式和原则

On Approaches and Principles of Effective Providence of Multilayer Public Goods for Dealing with International Problems

公共产品可以分为全球、区域、国家和地方四个层次,前两者是国际公共产品,后两者是国内公共产品。从公共产品角度来看,当前各种国际问题主要由三个原因导致:一是国际公共产品供给不足;二是国内公共产品供给不足引发负外部性;三是各层次公共产品供给错配。国际公共产品供给不足主要由霸权和国际机制的供给缺陷所致;国内公共产品供给不足主要由于国家政体与国情不相契合所致;多层次公共产品供给错配的原因在于未能对其适用目标进行区分。国内公共产品供给总体上比国际公共产品供给更为有效,原因是其在成本融资、公共选择、产品界限、转移支付等方面更为合理。因此加强政体与国情契合度、借鉴国内公共产品供给经验可分别提升国内和国际公共产品供给能力,应用匹配性和辅助性原则可明确各层次公共产品组合,利用各层次公共产品间的互补与竞争关系,也有助于加强多层公共产品的供给能力和供给效率。

Public goods can be classified as four levels of global, regional, national and local public goods, the former two being international public goods and the latter two domestic. From the perspective of public goods, current international problems are mainly caused by three reasons: the short supply of international public goods, which is mainly the result of deficiencies in hegemony and international institutions; the negative externalities produced by the short supply of domestic public goods, which is mainly the result of the mismatch of the regime form and national conditions; and the wrong application of multi-level public goods, for the lack of specific differentiating principles. Domestic public goods are generally more efficiently supplied than the international public goods as it has better mechanisms in cost financing, public choice, application differentiation and transfer payment. In order to promote the supply of domestic and international public goods, it is useful to use the approaches like increasing the fit-to-purpose of a regime form to national conditions and utilizing the functional mechanisms of domestic public goods to international public goods. The correspondence principle and the principle of subsidiarity can also help to ascertain which levels of public goods to be composed together to deal with a specific international problem. In addition, the complementarity and competitiveness between different levels of public goods are serviceable to increase the quantity and quality of their supply.