太空安全治理的现状、问题与出路

The Space Security Governance: The Status Quo, Problems and Way Out

《外层空间条约》所确立的太空"全球公地"性质正遭到日益严峻的挑战。一方面,国际政治、军事、经济、社会日益依赖太空;另一方面,太空技术也正日益成为国家经济发展的助推器,国家军事实力的倍增器,国家军事和安全战略的赋能器,国家软实力的展示器。随着太空活动的日益频繁,太空呈现出"公地悲剧"的特征,太空安全问题日益突出特别是太空环境恶化、太空资源稀缺以及面临太空武器化威胁,急需国际社会进行治理。为此,国际社会也提出了多项治理倡议,并进行了相当努力,也取得了部分成效,但实现全面太空安全治理的目标仍然任重而道远。由于太空技术具有军民两用性质,一些国家希望利用太空技术提升军事实力,作为维护霸权和反对霸权的基础,无法就太空安全治理达成共识。国际合作是太空安全治理的唯一途径,不仅可以缓解频轨资源短缺问题,也有助于解决太空环境问题,更有助于禁止太空武器化,实现太空透明与信任建设机制,确保太空的可持续性利用。

The nature of outer space as global commons identified by the Outer Space Treaty is facing increasingly grave challenges. On one hand, international politics, military, economy and society are increasingly dependent on the exploration of space. And on the other, the space technology is becoming the booster of a nation's economic development, the multiplier of a nation's military strength, the enabler of a nation's military strategy and a nation's security strategy, and the displayer of a nation's soft power. As space activities become more frequent, space begins to take on the features typical of the 'tragedy of the commons' and the space security issue is becoming increasingly salient in general, and in particular, the space environment is deteriorating. Besides, the space resource is in short supply and threatened by space weaponization, which are in urgent need of governance by international society. For that matter, international society has advanced many initiatives ofgovernance, made fairly considerable efforts and reached partial achievements, though it will take strenuous efforts to realize the goal of comprehensive governance of space security. Since the space technology is both civil and military by nature, there are countries that hope to use the space technology to upgrade military strength, which in turn can be used as a leverage for maintaining hegemony or against it, hence stopping the international community from reaching consensus on the space security governance. Therefore, international cooperation is the only way for effective space security governance, which not only can alleviate space resource shortage, but also help to address the space environment problem, and even more so to ban space weaponization, to set up mechanisms of space transparency and confidence building and to ensure sustainable utilization of space.