中国企业研发效率动态演进的背后:市场化改革的力量

Behind the Dynamic Evolution of Firms' R&D Efficiency:the Power of Market-oriented Reforms

本文基于1999—2011年中国省际高新技术产业层面的研发数据，综合运用生产要素产出弹性模型和格林（2005）提出的真正固定效应随机前沿模型，实证检验了市场化改革对企业研发效率动态演进的实际影响效应，并进一步探析国有经济和行业保护政策在市场化改革塑造企业研发效率的过程中所扮演的角色。基于产业维度的核算结果表明，研究期间中国高新技术企业整体研发效率大约偏离最优效率37％～44％，但其在市场化进程中表现出稳步提升的动态演进趋势，研发中间产出效率和最终产出效率分别从1999年的0．403和0．523（0．490）提高到2011年的0．713和0．766（0．755）。更为重要的是，经验证据表明市场化改革确实是推动中国高新技术企业研发效率持续动态增进的背后驱动力量；但国有经济和行业保护政策显著抑制了市场力量对企业研发效率塑造能力的充分发挥，具体表现为市场化改革在国有经济和保护性行业中不仅无法起到提升研发效率的作用，反而还可能具有损害企业研发效率的负面影响。

Based on the research and development data of China’s high-tech industry from 1999 to 2011,this paper applies output elasticity model and true fixed-effects stochastic frontier model to test whether market-oriented reforms have significantly effects on R＆D efficiency,and further analyses the role of state-owned economy and industry protection policies which may affect the effectiveness of market forces.The results show that（1）the R＆D efficiency of China’s high-tech industry deviates from the optimal efficiency of about 37% to 44%,but it has improved steadily in the process of market-oriented reforms,with evidence that R＆D efficiency of intermediate outputs and final outputs have respectively increased from 0.403 and 0.523（0.490）in 1999 to 0.713 and 0.766（0.755）in 2011;（2）more importantly,it is found that market-oriented reforms is an important driving force to improve R＆D efficiency of China’s high-tech enterprises;（3） state-owned economy and industry protection policies significantly weaken the capacity of market forces to shape the R＆amp;D efficiency,which means market forces cannot play the role of enhancing R＆amp;D efficiency in the state-owned economy and the protected industries,but may reduce the efficiency.