人口流动与居住分离:经济理性抑或制度制约?

Migration and Living Apart in China:Economic Rationality vs. Institutional Barriers

国际移民家庭成员的居住分离多被看作是理性选择的结果,而在中国,流动和留守的决定在很大程度上超越了经济理性的范畴。本文利用2013年"流动人口动态监测调查"数据,从制度和结构视角出发,突出户籍制度的"双二元性",综合考虑个体、家庭和社区因素,分析了在业流动人口核心家庭成员居住分离的基本特征和影响要素。结果表明,大约四成流动人口未能实现与家庭团聚。他们大多来自农村,跨越省界,缺乏城镇职工养老保险,居住在雇主提供的免费住房中,流动人口居住社区的政治准入门槛较高,流动人口生活在东部或西部城市。尽管东部和西部地区家庭分离的概率几乎相同,但机制有别:前者主要是被选择的结果,因为团聚的门槛较高;后者主要是自选择的结果,因为欠发达地区的劳动力市场和公共资源对流动人口家庭成员缺乏吸引力。故此,推进家庭团聚需因地制宜,针对重点人群,实现"从流动到留住"的转变,为流入地积累人力资源,为可持续性发展提供保障。

While there is a tendency that family members of migrants reunite in receiving societies, a good proportion of family members lives apart in the process of large-scale internal migration in China. This paper, by focusing on nuclear families of married migrants, explores the latest status, patterns and associates of living apart by making reference to the constraints of public policies and structural constraints in receiving societies. Findings from nationally representative data reveal that, Hukou institution and structural barriers in receiving cities prevent migrants from being reunited. Exclusion is more salient among migrants with their Hukou outside receiving province, moving to coastal or western cities. These suggest that, whilst economic development （e.g., east area） does not necessarily bring about more inclusive public policies, low development level （e.g., west area） is less attractive to migrants and their family. Although the cross-section- al character of the data does not enable us to draw definite conclusion that the effect on living apart of institutional and structural factors overweighs that of economic rationality, this paper directly illustrates the way their importance could be assessed.