个体理性还是整体理性——宏观行动者职业角色中的理性张力与角色异化

Individual Rationality or Total Rationality: The Tension in Macro-actors' Occupational Roles and the Alienation of the Roles

马克斯·韦伯的理性理论未能区分行动者的层级,实际上,处于社会权力结构不同层级的个体其社会行动后果或波及范围不同。由社会行动的层级性所引出的"理性单位"概念可以用来分析宏观行动者的职业角色中所蕴含的个体理性与整体理性的张力。在理想的制度性角色设计中,宏观行动者的职业角色中的个体理性与其职权所管辖的组织或行政区划的整体理性之间应该是一致的。但在委托-代理制中,由于宏观行动者的职业角色履行存在一定范围的"脱嵌"的自主性,使得其个体理性与整体理性常常发生脱节。在"劳动力去道德化"的背景下,宏观行动者也往往会奉行个体理性原则,背离整体理性原则。这种情形,就是宏观行动者的角色异化。要克服这种角色异化,必须建立和完善制度性超越机制、观念性超越机制和价值性超越机制。

Based on a critique of Max Weber＇s theory of rationality, which fails to stratify agents and agents＇ levels of rationalities, I put forward the concept ＂unit of rationality＂. This concept is used in this paper to analyze the tension between individual rationality and total rationality in the macro-actors＇ occupational roles. In an ideal design of macro-agents＇ occupational roles, individual rationality should be in congruence with total rationality. However, in the principals-agents relationships, agents＇ activities are to a certain extent disembedded and beyond the supervision and control of principles. As a result, the tension between individual rationality and total rationality occurs. Under the condition of the demoralization of labor forces, macro-actors in their undertaking occupational roles, tend to abide by the principle of individual rationality at the cost of the principle of total rationality. This situation is called the alienation of roles. For avoidance of alienation of macro-actors＇ occupational roles, it is necessary to establish three mechanisms of transcendence, i. e., the mechanism of institutional transcendence, the mechanism of idea transcendence and the mechanism of value transcendence.