蕴涵、预设和完备性

Entailment,presupposition and integrity

对完备性的追求是任何一种数学计算都必须遵守的基本原则。本文证明了五个"完备性公式",说明任何两个命题间的单向蕴涵关系P→Q,必须完备操作为Q是P的预设;而双向蕴涵关系P(?)Q,必须完备操作为Q与P等同。对前句的预设,在篇章中可采用三种不同的否定操作,只有少数动词如"后悔、谴责"等可采用直接否定。因为这一直接否定是由它们的特殊语义内容允准的,所以不能说它们没有"预设"只有"蕴涵"。文中还讨论了真值缺失、焦点否定以及其他与完备性有关的问题,以证明完备性对语言解释来说是必不可少的。

The desire for integrity is a basic principle of any kind of mathematical calculations.Five formulae of integrating processes are proved in this paper,and it is also proposed that the relation P →Q between two propositions must be integrated into that Q is P's presupposition,the relation P →Q must be integrated into equation between Q and P.There are three kinds of negation in text while which give different processes to the presupposition of a former sentence,and only a few verbs,such as REGRET,ACCUSE,etc.,can be processed under the direct negation.We can't say that these verbs have no presuppositions but only entailments,because the direct negation of them is permitted by their own special semantic meanings.Truth Value Gaps,Focus-Negation,and other issues about integration have been also studied in this paper for the purpose of revealing the necessity of integrity for language expression.