我国司法鉴定地方立法研究

The Research of our Local Legislation of Judicial Identification

2005年2月28日,全国人大常委会通过的《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》),系指引和规制我国司法鉴定事项的纲领性法律文件。与此同时,我国部分省、市、自治区、直辖市人大常委会从1999年年初至今已颁发15部司法鉴定条例和1部司法鉴定条例草案。就司法鉴定这一相同主题,国家立法和大量地方立法并存,上位法与下位法之间的关系及其实践适用值得探讨。基于现有立法,在形式上分析立法结构,在内容上把上位法的《决定》与下位法的条例法律文本从鉴定主体、管理权设置、鉴定程序、鉴定范围和法律责任等进行解构对比发现,尽管作为上位法的《决定》对下位法的条例规制作用非常显著,但现有的条例类下位法对上位法的《决定》亦时有突破,制定我国统一的司法鉴定法势在必行。

＂The Decision of Judicial Expertise Administration＂ passed by the NPC standing committee on February 28, 2005, is programmatic document for Chinese Judicial expertise. Meanwhile, 15 regulations and 1 draft regulation of judicial expertise have been released by the local NPC standing committee since 1990. Therefore, in terms of judicial expertise, the national legislature （the superior law ）as well as a number of local legislatures （the subordinate laws） are always considered. So the study of the relationship between them is necessary. On the basis of the existing legislation, we can analyze their legislative structures and contrast their contents from different aspects, such as, the appraisal of main body and control set, appraisal procedure, appraisal scope and legal liability of deconstruction. From the study, we find that the ＂Decision＂ （the superior law） regulate the subordinate laws apparently, but the subordinate laws always breakthrough the ＂Decision＂. So how to formulate unified judicial identification method is imperative in our country.