教师的阶层文化与教育的文化再生产--西方学者论阶层文化对教育公平的影响

The Class-orientation of Teachers Culture and the Culture Reproduction of Education——Western Scholars' Views on How the Class Cultures Influenced Educational Equity

在西方关于各阶层文化资本影响教育公平的诸多研究中,学者们普遍认为,源自社会上层的自由奢侈品位文化总是会被建构成社会的主流文化,并最终成为学校中的支配性文化和教育内容。由此,不同家庭背景的学生所携带的阶层文化与学校文化之间的契合度成为影响学生学业成就的重要因素。其中,教师趋向于学校所代表的自由奢侈品位文化以及中上阶层学生的文化习性,排斥劳工文化与底层学生的文化习性。教师文化中的这种阶层趋向通过教学过程导致中上阶层出身的学生学业成功的概率大、底层出身的学生学业成功的概率小,后者经由考试、教育分流以及就业渠道会导致阶层再生产。这是学校教育承担文化再生产和阶层再生产功能的内在机制。打破这种现象需要平等对待各阶层文化、树立多元智能观和全面的学力观,教师应走向文化觉醒,成为转化型知识分子。

In the numerous researches of western countries on how the class culture influenced educational equity, the scholars generally agreed that the culture of ＂taste of freedom and luxury＂ from upper class had always been constructed as social mainstream culture, and then been regarded as the dominant culture and content of the school education. Therefore, the integrating degree between various class cultures carried with students from different family backgrounds and the school culture turned into a key factor of the students＇ academic achievements. During teaching processes, the teachers＇ class culture tended to the social mainstream represented by schools and the cultural habitus of the upper middle class students, rejecting the working class culture and the habitus from the subaltern students. The class tend in teachers＇ culture resulted in the high academic achievement rates of the upper and middle class students, whereas the low rates of the subaltern students, who would undergo the class reproduction via examinations, educational streaming and employment channels. It is the internal mechanism of the re-production of culture and re-production of class undertaken by the school education. To breakthrough such phenomenon, we need to treat various cultures equally, and to form the concept of multiple intelligences and the concept of comprehensive academic attainments. In addition, the teachers should make for cultural awakening and become transformed intellectuals.