银杏叶用林定向培育技术体系的集成

Oriented cultivation techniques for leaf-harvest plantation of Ginkgo biloba L.

银杏叶中由于含有广泛的具药理活性的化学成分,已经成为药品、食品、化妆品和饮料等工业产品的重要原料,银杏叶用林的定向培育能够为以银杏叶为原料的各种加工业提供优质的原料。笔者在介绍银杏叶用园培育原理的基础上,依据银杏叶用林研究的相关材料,系统总结了银杏叶用林的定向培育关键技术,包括：1选择适宜的立地条件,选择排水良好、土层深厚肥沃、土壤p H为6.0-7.5的适生丰产区内的造林地;2选择优良的品种,选用经过选育并获得新品种权或通过林木品种审定委员会审定的叶用优良品种;3采用合理的密度,根据不同的立地及栽培条件,栽植密度控制在4万-7万株/hm^2;4采用截干萌芽矮化经营方式,4-5 a截干1次;5施肥以有机肥为主,生长前期追N肥,后期增施K、P和微量元素肥料（Mg、Zn、Mo）;6生长前期采取措施促进生长（水分充足、温度和光照适宜）,后期采取措施促进药用成分的合成和积累（适度干旱、低温和强光）。

Leaves of ginkgo（ Ginkgo bilaba L.） is an important material on the production of medicine,food,cosmetic and beverage,and oriented cultivation of ginkgo leaf-harvest plantation can supply high quality material for these industries. Based on cultivating mechanism and the results of research and practice,some key techniques for cultivating leafharvest ginkgo（ Ginkgo biloba L.） plantation were summarized systematically. The results were as follows： 1 Choosing good sites being suitable for ginkgo growing. 2 Selecting appropriate ginkgo varieties or clones for various cultivation zones according to their leaf yield and medicinal content. 3 Adopting reasonable planting density producing more leaves and obtain higher medicinal content to meet the need of medicinal industry（ suggested density was from 40 000 to 70 000 trees / hm^2 according to site condition）. 4 Using coppicing management system（ cutting strunk once every 4- 5 a） to get higher leaf quality（ higher medicinal content）. 5 Organic fertilizer was advocated in leaf-harvesting plantation,and in the early stage of growing,N fertilizer is added to increase leaf yield,and in the late stage of growth,K,P and microelement fertilizer（ Mg,Zn and Mo） are added to increased medicinal content. 6 Other steps would be taken to promote growth of ginkgo in the early stage of growth,such as enough soil moisture,appropriate temperature and light,and measures adopted to increase medicinal content of ginkgo leaves in the late stage of growth,such as appropriate drought,lower temperature and full light.