运动员权利的法理探析

Juriprudential Analysis of Athlete's Right

确立并厘定运动员权利概念,是运用法律手段解决竞技体育纠纷,推进体育体制改革的逻辑前提。从权利存在的形态看,运动员权利获得国际和外国的规范性文件承认,属于法律权利,有必要在现行《体育法》中增加"国家保护运动员权利"的条款。从权利主体角度看,职业运动员是运动员权利主体的核心范畴,不以竞技体育为职业,但参加了各种级别体育竞赛的自然人,也可以享有相应的运动员权利。从权利内容角度看,运动员权利包括不受强迫训练或参赛的自由、注册和转会的自由、免受兴奋剂侵害的自由等消极权利,以及职业公平、社会保险和文化教育等积极权利。

Establishing and clarifying the concept of athletes＇ rights is a precondition to solve disputes in competitive sports by law and to promote structural reform in sports. Athletes＇ rights have been acknowledged by international and foreign normative documents, and thus become legal rights. It is essential to add an article concerning athletes＇ rights protection to Sports Law. Professional athletes are the core part of the subjects, and amateur athletes whc participate in certain competitions can be recognized as subjects of athletes＇ rights. The content of the right includes freedom from forced training and competi- tion, freedom of register and transfer, freedom form doping, and right to enjoy fairness in job, social insurance and education.