褐潮——一种新型生态系统破坏性藻华

Brown tide:A new ecosystem disruptive algal bloom

Aureococcus anophagefferens和Aureoumbra lagunensis隶属于棕鞭藻门(Ochrophyta)、海金藻纲(Pelagophyceae),在美国及南非的一些河口形成生态系统破坏性褐潮(brown tide)已经有20多年了,近年来在中国河北沿海发生的大规模褐潮也使中国成为世界上第3个受褐潮影响的国家。褐潮藻能够利用多种有机营养,在低光照及低营养条件下达到高生长速率,对贝类养殖产业、经济以及娱乐产业等造成严重的负面影响。本文总结了20多年来褐潮在全球的发生及其所造成的严重危害,对褐潮藻的形态结构、生理特征及分子遗传学,特别是促进褐潮形成及持续的关键蛋白的编码基因等研究作了简要介绍,并概括了国内褐潮的研究现状。在此基础上,展望今后褐潮的研究方向,以期为褐潮的研究、预警预报和生态学防治及其防灾减灾提供借鉴。

The pelagophytes Aureococcus anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis have formed ecosystem disruptive algal blooms in shallow estuaries of the United States and South Africa for more than two decades. The large-scale brown tide events in the coastal waters of Hebei Province in recent years make China the third country that is affected by brown tide in the world. These al- gae are able to utilize a wide variety of organic nutrients and achieve high growth rates at low light and nutrient levels. They have significant negative impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry, economy and recreational industry. We review research progress in the last two decades on mor- phology, physiology and molecular and genomic characteristics of these brown tide algae, espe- cially the genes that encode many of the key proteins that facilitate bloom formation and persist- ence. Moreover, the research progress in China about brown tide is summarized. The prospects of the research on brown tide are also discussed.