2Rod.W.Horton, Backgrounds of American Literary Thought [M], Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1974.
3Ronald E.Martin, American Literature and the Universe of Force [M], Duke University Press, 1981.
4Thomas Daniel Young, Modern American Fiction, Form & Function [ M], Louisiana State University Press,1989.
5Stephen Crane：The Red Badge《Courage-An Episode of the American Civil War，W.W.Norton & Company，Inc，1979，p.1、p.3、p.4、p.5、p.8、p.9、p.11、p.12、p.13、p.14、p.15、p.16、p.17、p.18、p.21、p.22、p.23、p.24.
