论过错原则下的体育损害责任

Research on the Principle of Fault in Sports Injuries

体育运动是带有一定固有风险的人类活动。体育运动要求侵权法在保证运动自由和救济损害之间实现平衡。自甘风险作为英、美法系惯常使用的抗辩事由,推定受害人对运动风险的识别和自愿承受。虽然保障了运动自由,但是不利于损害救济的实现,难以满足我国和谐发展体育事业的宗旨和促进法治进程的现实需要。传统的过错责任具有内在的灵活性和外在的普遍适用性,也是我国当前解决体育损害的法定归责原则。通过对善良家父标准(一般注意义务)的专业化,即善良运动者的注意义务,实现在体育运动的特殊情境下对行为人体育行为适当性的合理判断。处理体育损害,应借鉴自甘风险制度对运动固有风险的合理预判,根据个案设定善良运动者的勤谨注意义务,考察过错的有无,判定行为人是否应就体育损害承担侵权损害赔偿责任以及承担责任的范围。对于双方均无过错的体育损害,可以借助公平责任的特殊规定适当分担损害,从而实现运动自由与损害救济之间的平衡与双赢。在弘扬体育精神,发展体育事业的同时,切实有效的保障每个人的合法权益。

Sport is a kind of human activity with certain inherent risks that requires the balance between the freedom of movement and the relief of unlawful damages involved in the tort law . Assumption of risk ,served as an usual defense used in the Anglo‐American Legal System ,pre‐sumes the recognition and voluntary acception of risks ,which ,despite its guarantee of the free‐dom of movement ,is unfavorable to the damage relief ,let alone the goal of harmonious devel‐opment of sports cause and the realistic demand of promoting the process of the rule of law . The traditional principal of fault features internal flexibility and external universal applicability and it possesses a position as the legal liability principle in the field of sport damage disputes solution .By professionalizing the Buonus paterfamilias Criterion （General duty of care ） ,that is to say the duty of care for a reasonable sportsman ,it is comparatively easier to attain a reason‐able judgment of the appropriateness of actors ’ deeds in sports .While encountering the sport damage disputes ,we should firstly have a reasonable presumption of sport ’ s inherent risks , then observe actors’ fault by their general duty of care and determine ,whether or not ,they should take the tort liability and compensation duties as well as the range of responsibilities .As for those sport damages disputes in which either side has fault ,special rules like equitable lia‐bility would helps to properly share the damages for the purpose of a balanced and win‐win sit‐uation between the freedom and damage relief ;of the promotion of sport spirits ;of the develop‐ment of sport cause and of an efficient guarantee in the interest of everybody .