追问深层生态学

Questioning Deep Ecology

学界普遍认为由奈斯开创,经德韦尔、塞欣斯和福克斯发展壮大的深层生态学是生态哲学、生态运动从浅层走向深层的一个转折。但是经过认真分析,可知"深层生态学"从概念到内涵都存在着不同程度的含混,彰显着自身的不足与矛盾。首先,用描述性的词语"深"、"浅"来命名并不具有质的规定性;其次,作为与人类中心主义相对立而提出的"生态中心主义",既造成逻辑上的混乱,又导致观念上的矛盾;最后,被深层生态学视为终极目标的"自我实现"与他们所提倡的生态整体主义存在着尖锐的矛盾。究其原因,可能是深层生态学的倡导者不愿意彻底摒弃人类中心主义,或者是他们意识到了依赖人的超越性来实现生态主义非常困难,而有意为之。

Scholars generally believe that Deep Ecology, created by Arne Naess and further developed by Bill Devall, George Sessions and Warwick Fox, is a turning point for ecological philosophy and ecological movement to move from a shallow level to the deep. However, through closer examination, we find that both the concept and the content of the term＂Deep Ecology＂have their own ambiguities, revealing their own deficiencies and conflicts. First, using descriptive terms like＂deep＂or＂shallow＂in the naming may not reveal the prescriptive nature of things. Second, when raised as an antithetical term against anthropocentrism, ecocentrism may confuse logic and lead to contradiction in people＇s concepts. Third, the concept of＂self-fulfillment,＂as is considered as the ultimate end of deep ecology, is severely contradicting with its believers＇ faith in eco-holism. The reason for these is probably that the supporters of Deep Ecology are not willing to completely forsake anthropocentrism, or that they realize that it is very difficult for them to rely on human＇s transcending nature to realize the claims of ecologism.