俄国探险家波塔宁晚清青藏及安多地区考察研究

The Research of Russian Explorer Potanin' Expeditions in the Qinghai-Xizang and Amdo Region in Late Qing Dynasty

波塔宁是俄国19世纪末至20世纪初最重要的亚洲考察组织者之一,足迹遍及中国青海、西藏、蒙古等地区。在历次考察中,他不仅进行地理测绘、采集动植物标本,更着力开展了一系列人文考察。他探访包括塔尔寺和拉卜楞寺在內的西部地区众多寺庙,实地考察及研究中国边疆地区的宗教情况;收集、整理和研究了《格萨尔》等中国边疆少数民族传说及故事;此外,还近距离地观察当地居民,记录其习俗,为中国边疆少数民族研究提供了参考资料。虽然相比俄国同时期的其他探险家,波塔宁的考察研究更为客观,但是作为俄国地理学会19世纪中后期至20世纪初中央亚细亚探险活动的一个组成部分,其考察活动从组织及派遣之时起就已被赋予了一定的政治目的。

Potanin is one of the most important organizers of Russian expeditions in Asia from the end of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, his foolmarks extended Qinghai, Tibet, Mongolia and so on. In every expedition he not only surveyed the geographical situation, collected plant and animal specimens, but ＂also paid more attention tu do the humanity investigations. He gathered many fnlklores and stories, and among his collections the most valuable are the stories （（Gesar））of different versions; he visited many temples in the west of China, including Kumhum Monastery, Lahrang Monastery and so on, made field trips and researched the religious situation in the west of China; he also observed the local residents, recorded their customs, and this gives the reference materials to the national studies. Ahhough the Potanin＇s expeditions are the objective and fair R ＆ D activities. But as the part of expeditions in Central Asia, which were organised by Russian geographic society from the late of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, his expeditions have the political qualities, and was the tool of aggressions of Russian govermnent