宗教人类学视阈下客家祖茔信仰探析——以广西客家为中心

Beliefs in Ancestral Graves by Hakka in a Perspective of Religious Anthropology——a Case Study of Hakka in Guangxi

祖墓风水对客家民间社会的影响既深且广。客家人入桂时,有背负父祖骸骨随迁的丰富记载。广西客家祖墓有骸骨葬、衣冠葬、银牌墓及招魂葬等多种类型。祖墓不以有无祖先骸骨为条件。客家祖墓风水信仰,具有精神归宿、文化认同、精神激励、道德教化等极其重要的宗教功能,是祖先崇拜的支柱之一。客家二次葬或多次葬习俗的形成,是客家民众在精神需求的前提下多种因素综合作用的结果。客家祖墓信仰宗教圣境之建构,与灵魂观念、祖先观念、土葬与墓祭习俗、风水观念,以及民众的宗教需求等相关。

The locations of ancestral graveyards have greatly influenced the local Hakka people. There were many such records as that the Hakka people ever carried their ancestral bones with them when they entered Guangxi. The ancestral tombs of the Hakka in Guangxi can be divided into tomb of bones, tomb of clothes, silver-tablet tomb and spiritual tomb. The ancestral graveyards are not based on whether there would be bones or not. The Hakka people’ s belief in ancestral graveyards are characterized with such religious functions as spiritual home, cultural identity, spiritual motivation and moral education, which is the backbone of ancestral worship. The custom of burial for a second time or more is resulted from the diversifying spiritual elements of the Hakka clan. The Hakka people’ s belief in ancestral graveyard is a mixture of idea of spirit, idea of ancestor, custom of burial and memorial, idea of location and religious need.