芸薹属栽培异源四倍体的基因组行为及附加系培育

Genome behavior of cultivated Brassica allotetraploids and development of alien additions

芸薹属栽培种是研究作物异源多倍化过程中祖先基因组遗传行为的模式系统,本文综述了芸薹属异源四倍体的细胞学和遗传学研究进展。在远缘杂交诱导染色体丢失的情况下,3个四倍体染色体组的稳定性为埃塞俄比亚芥(埃芥)>芥菜型油菜>甘蓝型油菜,每个四倍体内染色体组的稳定性为B>A>C,即甘蓝型油菜(AACC)易于丢失较多来自C-染色体组的染色体,芥菜型油菜(AABB)与埃塞俄比亚芥(BBCC)中来自B染色体组的染色体最为稳定。天然与人工合成多倍体的遗传及表观遗传变化受细胞质与祖先染色体组的影响。最后介绍了甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜及菘蓝异源染色体附加系的培育及遗传特点。

Cultivated Brassica species are widely used to study genetic behavior of progenitor genomes during process of interspecific hybridization and allopolyploidization. This article reviewed advances in cytology and genetics during the formation and evolution of Brassica allotetraploids. Under induction of chromosome elimination in intergeneric crosses with other crucifers, 3 allotetraploids showed the hierarchy of genome stabilities as Brassica carinata 〉 B. juncea 〉 B. napus , while the 3 genomes （A, B and C） presented the hierarchy of B 〉 A 〉 C. B. napus （AACC） tended to lose more chromosomes from C - genome, but the B - genome chromosomes in other two allotetraploids were preferentially maintained. The genetic and epigenetic changes in natural and resynthesized allotetraploids were affected by their cytoplasm types and genome combinations. The alien additions of Brassica species with individual chromosomes from other crucifer were also introduced.