基本物理常数概述及牛顿引力常数的测量

Survey of fundamental physical constants and measurements of the Newtonian constant of gravitation

据不完全统计,基本物理常数有160余个之多,覆盖物理学各个领域。自国际科学技术数据委员会(CODATA)1973年首次发表国际推荐值以来,至今已发表了6次推荐值。文章介绍了基本物理常数的分类以及近期发表的基本物理常数领域的主要成就。这些成就及新的突破对物理学和计量学具有重要的意义。牛顿引力常数是测量万有引力的重要常数,具有深远的意义,但其数值极小,因此测量难度很大;二百余年来,科学家精益求精,不断更新方法,以求减小其测量的不确定度。

According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 160 fundamental physi-cal constants, covering all fields of physics. Since the Committee on Data for Science and Tech-nology of the International Council for Science （CODATA） presented the first set of international-ly recommended values in 1973, to date they have presented six further sets . This paper introduc-es the classification of the fundamental physical constants, and presents the main achievements re-cently published in this field. These new breakthroughs have vital significance in physics and me-trology. The Newtonian constant of gravitation is an important constant for the measurement of universal gravitation and has far-reaching significance, but because of its extremely small value it is very difficult to measure. For more than two hundred years many scientists have been constant-ly improving and updating their techniques in order to reduce the uncertainties in measurement.