功利主义视域下墨家与密尔伦理思想之比较

In the sight of utilitarianism:The comparison of Mo-hist and Mill ethics thought

中国古代的墨家和近代密尔对功利论伦理学的贡献是有目共睹的,两者分别根据自己所处的年代,创造出适合时代需要的伦理学思想。前者的"人之所欲"有着规定性的对象,即"必需"和"实用"的东西;后者的"快乐"作为"幸福"的条件之下的对象则极为丰富,即只要是"快乐"的都是好的、善的。在道德制裁上,前者利用外在的"天鬼"观念来阐发;后者运用内在的"良心"来说明。前者的伦理出发点是"天下之利";后者的出发点乃"个人利益"。然而,在跨越几千年的时间里,两者都看到了情感在人的道德行为中的支撑作用。

Mo-hist school in ancient China and modern Mill＇s contribution to the theory of utilitarian ethics is obvious to all, respectively according to their owns, creating for ethics of the needs Of the times~ ＂human desire＂ of the former has a prescriptive object, namely ＂ necessary＂ and ＂utility＂; The latter ＂happiness＂ as ＂under the object of happiness＂ conditions are extremely rich, as long as the ＂happy＂ is good, good. In the moral sanction, the former uses external ＂ghost＂ concept to analysis; the latter using the intrinsic ＂conscience＂ to explain. The former is the ethics of ＂the benefit of the world＂; the latter is the starting point of the ＂personal interests＂. However, over thousands of years, both see the supporting role of emotions in people＇s moral behavior.